Journal of Clinical Medicine,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
14(7), P. 2352 - 2352
Published: March 29, 2025
Atherosclerosis
remains
a
leading
cause
of
cardiovascular
morbidity
and
mortality
worldwide,
traditionally
linked
to
elevated
cholesterol
levels,
particularly
low-density
lipoprotein
(LDL-C).
However,
despite
aggressive
lipid-lowering
strategies,
residual
risk
persists,
underscoring
the
need
explore
additional
contributing
factors.
This
review
examines
emerging
factors
beyond
cholesterol,
including
chronic
inflammation,
gut
microbiota
composition,
oxidative
stress,
environmental
exposures.
Inflammation
plays
pivotal
role
in
atherogenesis,
with
markers
such
as
C-reactive
protein
(CRP),
interleukin-6
(IL-6),
tumor
necrosis
factor-alpha
(TNF-α)
serving
indicators
disease
activity.
The
microbiome,
metabolites
like
trimethylamine
N-oxide
(TMAO),
has
been
implicated
vascular
inflammation
plaque
development,
while
beneficial
short-chain
fatty
acids
(SCFAs)
demonstrate
protective
effects.
Oxidative
stress
further
exacerbates
endothelial
dysfunction
instability,
driven
by
reactive
oxygen
species
(ROS)
lipid
peroxidation.
Additionally,
factors,
air
pollution,
heavy
metal
exposure,
endocrine
disruptors,
psychological
have
emerged
significant
contributors
disease.
Understanding
these
novel
offers
broader
perspective
on
atherosclerosis
pathogenesis
provides
new
avenues
for
targeted
prevention
therapeutic
interventions.
Circulation Research,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
134(9), P. 1048 - 1060
Published: April 25, 2024
Environmental
stressors
associated
with
human
activities
(eg,
air
and
noise
pollution,
light
disturbance
at
night)
climate
change
heat,
wildfires,
extreme
weather
events)
are
increasingly
recognized
as
contributing
to
cardiovascular
morbidity
mortality.
These
harmful
exposures
have
been
shown
elicit
changes
in
stress
responses,
circadian
rhythms,
immune
cell
activation,
oxidative
stress,
well
traditional
risk
factors
hypertension,
diabetes,
obesity)
that
promote
diseases.
In
this
overview,
we
summarize
evidence
from
animal
studies
of
the
impacts
environmental
on
health.
addition,
discuss
strategies
reduce
impact
current
future
disease
burden,
including
urban
planning,
personal
monitoring,
mitigation
measures.
Journal of Translational Medicine,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
23(1)
Published: Jan. 3, 2025
Heavy
metal
exposure
is
an
emerging
environmental
risk
factor
linked
to
cardiovascular
disease
(CVD)
through
its
effects
on
vascular
ageing.
However,
the
relationship
between
heavy
and
age
have
not
been
fully
elucidated.
This
cross-sectional
study
analyzed
data
from
3,772
participants
in
National
Health
Nutrition
Examination
Survey
(NHANES)
2005
2016.
We
measured
urinary
concentrations
of
nine
metals
assessed
their
associations
with
age,
estimated
pulse
wave
velocity
(ePWV)
heart
(HVA).
Additionally,
sex-stratified
analyses,
Weighted
Quantile
Sum
(WQS)
regression
Bayesian
Kernel
Machine
Regression
were
conducted
explore
individual
mixed
exposures.
Exposure
such
as
cadmium
(Cd)
cesium
(Cs),
cobalt
(Co),
lead
(Pb)
was
significantly
associated
increased
odds
ratios
(OR)
ranging
1.05
3.48
full
adjusted
models.
Sex-stratified
analyses
indicated
that
including
(Co)
exposures
had
a
more
substantial
impact
males.
WQS
analysis
consistently
showed
combined
stronger
men
(OR
for
HVA
=
3.89,
95%
CI
2.91–5.28).
highlights
significant
association
age.
Stratified
illustrated
might
be
susceptible
multiple
exposure.
The
findings
underscore
importance
considering
sex-specific
responses
interventions
measures
assessments
managements.
Further
research
needed
validate
these
develop
precise
public
health
strategies
targeting
risks.
