Beyond Cholesterol: Emerging Risk Factors in Atherosclerosis

Journal of Clinical Medicine, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 14(7), P. 2352 - 2352

Published: March 29, 2025

Atherosclerosis remains a leading cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality worldwide, traditionally linked to elevated cholesterol levels, particularly low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C). However, despite aggressive lipid-lowering strategies, residual risk persists, underscoring the need explore additional contributing factors. This review examines emerging factors beyond cholesterol, including chronic inflammation, gut microbiota composition, oxidative stress, environmental exposures. Inflammation plays pivotal role in atherogenesis, with markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) serving indicators disease activity. The microbiome, metabolites like trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), has been implicated vascular inflammation plaque development, while beneficial short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) demonstrate protective effects. Oxidative stress further exacerbates endothelial dysfunction instability, driven by reactive oxygen species (ROS) lipid peroxidation. Additionally, factors, air pollution, heavy metal exposure, endocrine disruptors, psychological have emerged significant contributors disease. Understanding these novel offers broader perspective on atherosclerosis pathogenesis provides new avenues for targeted prevention therapeutic interventions.

Language: Английский

Comment: “safety and efficacy of L-carnitine supplementation in improving cardiac function of hemodialysis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis”

International Urology and Nephrology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: April 11, 2025

Language: Английский