Large-brained frogs mature later and live longer

Evolution, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 72(5), P. 1174 - 1183

Published: April 3, 2018

Brain sizes vary substantially across vertebrate taxa, yet, the evolution of brain size appears tightly linked to life histories. For example, larger brained species generally live longer than smaller species. A requires more time grow and develop at a cost exceeded gestation period delayed weaning age. The slower development may be compensated by better homeostasis control increased cognitive abilities, both which should increase survival probabilities hence span. To date, this relationship between span seems well established in homoeothermic animals, especially mammals. Whether pattern occurs also other clades vertebrates remains enigmatic. Here, we undertake first comparative test an ectothermic group, anuran amphibians. After controlling for effects shared ancestry body size, find positive correlation age sexual maturation, 40 frogs. Moreover, that ventral regions, including olfactory bulbs, are long-lived Our results indicate history follows general clades.

Language: Английский

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Brain size evolution in anurans: a review

Animal Biology, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 69(3), P. 265 - 279

Published: Jan. 1, 2019

Abstract Selection pressure is an important force in shaping the evolution of vertebrate brain size among populations within species as well between species. The tightly linked to natural and sexual selection, life-history traits. In particular, increased environmental stress, intensity slower life history usually result enlarged brains. However, although previous studies have addressed causes evolution, no systematic reviews been conducted explain anurans. Here, we review whether supports cognitive buffer hypothesis (CBH), expensive tissue (ETH), or developmental cost (DCH) by analyzing intraspecific and/or interspecific patterns regions (i.e., olfactory nerves, bulbs, telencephalon, optic tectum, cerebellum) associated with ecological factors (habitat, diet predator risk), selection intensity, traits (age at maturity, mean age, longevity, clutch egg size, testis sperm length), other energetic organs. Our findings suggest that anurans CBH, ETH DCH. We also future directions for studying relationships crypsis ordinary mucous glands skin), food alteration different stages.

Language: Английский

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Modulation of Gene Expression in Liver of Hibernating Asiatic Toads (Bufo gargarizans)

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 19(8), P. 2363 - 2363

Published: Aug. 10, 2018

Hibernation is an effective energy conservation strategy that has been widely adopted by animals to cope with unpredictable environmental conditions. The liver, in particular, plays important role adaptive metabolic adjustment during hibernation. Mammalian studies have revealed many genes involved metabolism are differentially expressed the hibernation period. However, differentiation global gene expression between active and torpid states amphibians remains largely unknown. We analyzed liver of Asiatic toads (Bufo gargarizans) using RNA-sequencing. In addition, we evaluated differential females males. A total 1399 were identified as females. Of these, expressions 395 significantly elevated responding stresses, well contractile proteins. 1004 down-regulated females, most which depression shifts utilization. 715 males, 337 up-regulated 378 down-regulated. 695 655 Similarly, 374 252 (mostly proteins) being Our findings suggest B. gargarizans Furthermore, there marked sex differences levels expression, showing compared more down-regulation gene-expression males than

Language: Английский

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Investigating the role of body size, ecology, and behavior in anuran eye size evolution

Evolutionary Ecology, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 33(4), P. 585 - 598

Published: June 3, 2019

Language: Английский

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Variation in somatic condition and testis mass in Feirana quadranus along an altitudinal gradient

Animal Biology, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 68(3), P. 277 - 288

Published: Jan. 1, 2018

Abstract The competition for fertilization among sperm from different males can drive variation in male reproductive investments. However, the mechanisms shaping allocation and resulting variations investment relative to environmental variables such as resource availability male-male remain poorly known frogs. Here, we investigated inter-population somatic condition testis mass across four populations of swelled vent frog Feirana quadranus along an altitudinal gradient. We found that did not increase with altitude, which was inconsistent previous predictions latitude and/or altitude should result decreased production anurans due shortened breeding seasons decline availability. also no male/female operational sex ratio altitude. exhibited a positive correlation mass, indicated condition-dependent size F. . Moreover, increasing suggest increased intensity competition, thereby mass.

Language: Английский

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Altitudinal implications in organ size in the Andrew’s toad (Bufo andrewsi)

Animal Biology, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 69(3), P. 365 - 376

Published: Jan. 1, 2019

Abstract Phenotypic flexibility of morphological and physiological traits within species is a common phenomenon across animal taxa. Hesse’s rule predicts that the size an organ should exhibit increase with increasing altitude along environmental gradients due to changes in oxygen supply energy demands. Here, we test prediction by investigating geographical variation relative organs (i.e., heart, lungs, liver, kidneys) ten populations Bufo andrewsi gradient. We found these four specific did not or latitude all populations. also find increased among six located at similar longitude, which inconsistent rule. Our findings suggest demands do necessarily affect

Language: Английский

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Genomic evidence for adaptive differentiation amongMicrohyla fissipespopulations: Implications for conservation

Diversity and Distributions, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 28(12), P. 2665 - 2680

Published: Oct. 28, 2021

Abstract Aim Amphibians require both terrestrial and aquatic environments to complete their life cycles. Thus, they are subject complex selection pressures stemming from different environments, these likely vary geographically with variation in temperature precipitation. Studies of genetic differentiation along geographical clines allow identification footprints pressures. Location China. Methods To identify possible signatures local adaptation particular environmental conditions, we conducted a genome‐scan 20,572 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) obtained restriction site‐associated DNA sequencing pooled samples 10 Microhyla fissipes populations spanning 1,398 km long latitudinal gradient Results The results revealed significant among ( F ST =0.090). Numerous outlier SNPs associated annual average n = 69) precipitation 248) were detected. Main conclusions degree pattern population the supported hypothesis that have been directional natural and, hence, reflective varying adaptation. Hence, conservation management plans for should take into account this heterogeneity constitution its populations.

Language: Английский

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Cerebellum size is positively correlated with geographic distribution range in anurans

Animal Biology, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 68(3), P. 309 - 320

Published: Jan. 1, 2018

Abstract The ‘cognitive buffer’ hypothesis predicts that the costs of relatively large brains are compensated for later in life by increased benefits providing a higher chance survival under changing environments through flexible behaviors animal kingdom. Thus, animals live larger range (with probability environmental variation) expected to have than those restricted geographic range. Here, test prediction should be occur species living ranges size, we analyzed relationship between size and brain various regions among 42 anurans using phylogenetic comparative methods. results show there is no correlation relative species’ when correcting effects body size. Our findings suggest cognitive buffer energetic constraints on result non-significant variation overall However, positively correlated with cerebellum but not optic tecta, suggesting distributed wider do exhibit tecta which would provide behavioral flexibility allow an early escape from potential predators discovery new food resources unpredictable environments.

Language: Английский

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Brain size evolution in small mammals: test of the expensive tissue hypothesis

Mammalia, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 85(5), P. 455 - 461

Published: May 20, 2021

Abstract Brain size exhibits significant changes within and between species. Evolution of large brains can be explained by the need to improve cognitive ability for processing more information in changing environments. However, are among most energetically expensive organs. Enlarged impose energetic demands that limit brain evolution. The tissue hypothesis (ETH) states a decrease another tissue, such as gut, should compensate cost brain. We studied interplay limitations evolution small mammals using phylogenetically generalized least squares (PGLS) regression analysis. mass was not correlated with length digestive tract 37 species after correcting phylogenetic relationships body effects. further found accompanied male reproductive investments into testes female investment offspring number. is inconsistent prediction ETH.

Language: Английский

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Geographic Variation in Organ Size in a Toad (Duttaphrynus melanostictus)

Animals, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 13(16), P. 2645 - 2645

Published: Aug. 16, 2023

Adaptive evolution is the process by which organisms change their morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics to adapt different environments during long-term natural selection. Especially, researching variation in organ size can provide important insights into morphological adaptation amphibians. In this study, we comparatively studied differences sizes (heart, lungs, liver, gallbladder, kidneys, spleen, digestive tract, testes brain) among five geographical populations of Asian common toad Duttaphrynus melanostictus. Our results revealed significant variations these nine specific organs populations. Notably, observed a positive correlation between relative latitude and/or altitude. However, no was found heart length tract with altitude across populations, respectively, contradicting Hesse’s rule digestion theory. These findings suggest that our study does not substantial theoretical support for adaptive particular species, but rather contributes understanding adaptations species’ environmental conditions. Further research warranted delve deeper factors influencing amphibian

Language: Английский

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