Biological properties of extracellular vesicles and their physiological functions

Journal of Extracellular Vesicles, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 4(1)

Published: Jan. 1, 2015

In the past decade, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been recognized as potent vehicles of intercellular communication, both in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. This is due to their capacity transfer proteins, lipids nucleic acids, thereby influencing various physiological pathological functions recipient parent cells. While intensive investigation has targeted role EVs different processes, for example, cancer autoimmune diseases, EV-mediated maintenance homeostasis regulation remained less explored. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview current understanding roles EVs, which written by crowd-sourcing, drawing on unique EV expertise academia-based scientists, clinicians industry based 27 European countries, United States Australia. review intended be relevance researchers already working biology newcomers who will encounter this universal cell biological system. Therefore, here address molecular contents tissues body fluids from systems organs. We also mechanisms bacteria, lower eukaryotes plants highlight functional uniformity emerging communication

Language: Английский

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Nutrition, infection and stunting: the roles of deficiencies of individual nutrients and foods, and of inflammation, as determinants of reduced linear growth of children

Nutrition Research Reviews, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 30(1), P. 50 - 72

Published: Jan. 23, 2017

Abstract The regulation of linear growth by nutritional and inflammatory influences is examined in terms growth-plate endochondral ossification, order to better understand stunted children. Linear controlled complex genetic, physiological, nutrient-sensitive endocrine/paracrine/autocrine mediated molecular signalling mechanisms, possibly including sleep adequacy through its influence on hormone secretion. Inflammation, which accompanies most infections environmental enteric dysfunction, inhibits ossification the action mediators proinflammatory cytokines, activin A-follistatin system, glucocorticoids fibroblast factor 21 (FGF21). In animal models particularly sensitive dietary protein as well Zn intake, act insulin, insulin-like factor-1 (IGF-1) binding proteins, triiodothyronine, amino acids 2+ stimulate proteoglycan synthesis cell cycle progression, actions are blocked corticosteroids cytokines. Observational human studies indicate stunting be associated with nutritionally poor, mainly plant-based diets. Intervention provide some support for deficiencies energy, protein, iodine multiple micronutrient deficiencies, at least during pregnancy. Of animal-source foods, only milk has been specifically repeatedly shown exert an important both undernourished well-nourished However, inflammation, caused infections, may widespread absence clean water, adequate sanitation hygiene (WASH), endogenous inflammation excess adiposity, each case contributes stunting, explain why interventions often unsuccessful. Current reduce targeting WASH nutrition.

Language: Английский

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Oral administration of bovine milk derived extracellular vesicles attenuates arthritis in two mouse models

Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 59(9), P. 1701 - 1712

Published: June 5, 2015

This study shows the effect of bovine milk derived extracellular vesicles (BMEVs) on spontaneous polyarthritis in IL-1Ra-deficient mice and collagen-induced arthritis.BMEVs were isolated from semi-skimmed by ultracentrifugation particle size was around 100 nm dynamic light scattering electron microscopy. BMEVs expressed exosome marker CD63, immunoregulatory microRNA's (miR-30a, -223, -92a), milk-specific beta-casein beta-lactoglobulin mRNA. In vitro, PKH-67-labeled taken up RAW264.7, splenocytes, intestinal cells as determined flow cytometry confocal IL-1Ra(-/-) received daily oral gavage starting at wk 5 till 15 after birth arthritis via their drinking water 1 before immunization day 40. Macroscopically, BMEV treatment delayed onset histology showed diminished cartilage pathology bone marrow inflammation both models. also reduced serum levels MCP-1 IL-6 production splenic cells. anticollagen IgG2a levels, which accompanied Th1 (Tbet) Th17 (RORγT) mRNA.This is first report that delivery ameliorates experimental this warrants further research to determine whether beneficial can be seen rheumatoid patients.

Language: Английский

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Linking diet to acne metabolomics, inflammation, and comedogenesis: an update

Clinical Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 371 - 371

Published: July 1, 2015

Abstract: Acne vulgaris, an epidemic inflammatory skin disease of adolescence, is closely related to Western diet. Three major food classes that promote acne are: 1) hyperglycemic carbohydrates, 2) milk and dairy products, 3) saturated fats including trans -fats deficient ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Diet-induced insulin/insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1)-signaling superimposed on elevated IGF-1 levels during puberty, thereby unmasking the impact aberrant nutrigenomics sebaceous gland homeostasis. diet provides abundant branched-chain amino (BCAAs), glutamine, palmitic acid. Insulin suppress activity metabolic transcription forkhead box O1 (FoxO1). Insulin, IGF-1, BCAAs, palmitate activate nutrient-sensitive kinase mechanistic target rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), key regulator anabolism lipogenesis. FoxO1 a negative coregulator androgen receptor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), liver X receptor-α, sterol response element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), crucial factors mTORC1 stimulates expression PPARγ SREBP-1c, promoting sebum production. SREBP-1c upregulates stearoyl-CoA- Δ6-desaturase, enhancing proportion monounsaturated in triglycerides. Diet-mediated aberrations quantity (hyperseborrhea) composition (dysseborrhea) Propionibacterium acnes overgrowth biofilm formation with overexpression virulence triglyceride lipase increasing follicular free oleate. Free functions as "danger signal," stimulating toll-like receptor-2-mediated inflammasome activation interleukin-1β release, Th17 differentiation, interleukin-17-mediated keratinocyte proliferation. Oleate P. adhesion, proliferation, comedogenesis via interleukin-1α release. Thus, diet-induced metabolomic alterations visible sebofollicular inflammasomopathy vulgaris. Nutrition therapy has increase attenuate mTORC1/SREBP-1c signaling. Patients should balance total calorie uptake restrict refined milk, protein supplements, fats, -fats. A paleolithic-like enriched vegetables fish recommended. Plant-derived inhibitors ω-3-PUFAs are promising dietary supplements supporting nutrition Keywords: acne, comedogenesis, diet, inflammasome, metabolomics, quorum sensing

Language: Английский

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Commercial Dairy Cow Milk microRNAs Resist Digestion under Simulated Gastrointestinal Tract Conditions

Journal of Nutrition, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 146(11), P. 2206 - 2215

Published: Oct. 6, 2016

Language: Английский

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MicroRNAs in Breastmilk and the Lactating Breast: Potential Immunoprotectors and Developmental Regulators for the Infant and the Mother

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 12(11), P. 13981 - 14020

Published: Oct. 30, 2015

Human milk (HM) is the optimal source of nutrition, protection and developmental programming for infants. It species-specific consists various bioactive components, including microRNAs, small non-coding RNAs regulating gene expression at post-transcriptional level. microRNAs are both intra- extra-cellular present in body fluids humans animals. Of these fluids, HM appears to be one richest sources microRNA, which highly conserved its different fractions, with cells containing more than lipids, followed by skim milk. Potential effects exogenous food-derived on have been demonstrated, together stability milk-derived gastrointestinal tract. Taken together, strongly support notion that enter systemic circulation fed infant exert tissue-specific immunoprotective functions. This has initiated intensive research origin, fate functional significance microRNAs. Importantly, recent studies provided evidence endogenous synthesis microRNA within human lactating mammary epithelium. These findings will now form basis investigations role epigenetic control normal aberrant development, particularly lactation performance.

Language: Английский

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Characterization and biological function of milk‐derived miRNAs

Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 61(10)

Published: June 23, 2017

Scope Breastfeeding is associated with reduced risk of infection, immune‐mediated disorders, obesity, and even cancer. Recently it was found that breast milk contains a variety microRNAs (miRNAs) in the skim fat layer can be transferred to infants, appear play important roles those biological functions. Methods results This study applied next generation sequencing quantitative real‐time PCR analysis determine miRNA expression profile fraction human, goat, bovine as well infant formulas. Human mammalian were contain known advantageous miRNAs exosomes also layer. These are highly conserved goat milk. However, they not detected several Further, present able enter normal tumor cells affect their Following incubation derived human cancer cells, miRNA‐148a upregulated DNA methyltransferase1 target gene down regulated. Conclusion reinforce previous findings on importance Future studies should concentrate addition

Language: Английский

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Biosynthesis of milk fat, protein, and lactose: roles of transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation

Physiological Genomics, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 48(4), P. 231 - 256

Published: Jan. 27, 2016

The demand for high-quality milk is increasing worldwide. efficiency of synthesis can be improved by taking advantage the accumulated knowledge transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation genes coding proteins involved in fat, protein, lactose mammary gland. Research this area relatively new, but data last 10 years provide a clear picture. Milk fat appears to regulated, at least bovines, an interactive network between SREBP1, PPARγ, LXRα, with potential role other transcription factors, such as Spot14, ChREBP, Sp1. protein highly regulated insulin, amino acids, acid transporters via routes, insulin-mTOR pathway playing central role. still poorly understood, it that glucose play important They also cooperatively interact mTOR pathway. Recent indicate possibility nutrigenomic interventions increase feeding long-chain fatty acids acids. We propose model account all available findings. This encompasses complex control cross talk regulation, functioning hub.

Language: Английский

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Bovine milk-derived exosomes from colostrum are enriched with proteins implicated in immune response and growth

Scientific Reports, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 7(1)

Published: July 13, 2017

Abstract Exosomes are extracellular vesicles secreted by multiple cell types into the space. They contain cell-state specific cargos which often reflects (patho)physiological condition of cells/organism. Milk contains high amounts exosomes and it is unclear whether their cargo altered based on lactation stage organism. Here, we isolated from bovine milk that were obtained at various stages examined content quantitative proteomics. OptiPrep density gradient centrifugation cow after 24, 48 72 h post calving. As control, also cows during mid-lactation period has been referred to as mature (MM). Biochemical biophysical characterization revealed abundance in colostrum MM samples. Quantitative proteomics analysis highlighted change proteomic state cow. Functional enrichment significantly enriched with proteins can potentially regulate immune response growth. This study highlights importance hence opens up new avenues exploit these regulation

Language: Английский

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Commercial Cow Milk Contains Physically Stable Extracellular Vesicles Expressing Immunoregulatory TGF-β

PLoS ONE, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 10(3), P. e0121123 - e0121123

Published: March 30, 2015

Scope Extracellular vesicles, including exosomes, have been identified in all biological fluids and rediscovered as an important part of the intercellular communication. Breast milk also contains extracellular vesicles proposed function is to enhance antimicrobial defense newborns. It is, however, unknown whether are still present commercial and, more importantly, they retained their bioactivity. Here, we characterize semi-skimmed cow available for consumers study effect on T cells. Methods Results from were isolated characterized. Milk-derived contained several immunomodulating miRNAs membrane protein CD63, characteristics exosomes. In contrast RAW 267.4 derived milk-derived extremely stable under degrading conditions, low pH, boiling freezing. easily taken up by murine macrophages vitro. Furthermore, found that can facilitate cell differentiation towards pathogenic Th17 lineage. Using a (CAGA)12-luc reporter assay showed these carried bioactive TGF-β, anti-TGF-β antibodies blocked differentiation. Conclusion Our findings show carry immunoregulatory cargo. These data suggest remains intact gastrointestinal tract exert effect.

Language: Английский

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