Environmental Science & Technology,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
53(10), P. 5838 - 5847
Published: April 17, 2019
Environmental
fate
assessment
of
chemicals
involves
standardized
simulation
tests
with
isotope-labeled
molecules
to
balance
transformation,
mineralization,
and
formation
nonextractable
residues
(NER).
Methods
predict
microbial
turnover
biogenic
NER
have
been
developed,
having
limited
use
when
metabolites
accumulate,
the
are
not
only
C
source,
or
provide
for
other
macroelements.
To
improve
predictive
capability,
we
extended
a
recently
developed
method
growth
yield
estimation
account
incomplete
degradation
multiple-element
assimilation
combined
it
dynamic
model
description
in
soils
sediments.
We
evaluated
results
against
unique
experimental
data
13C3-15N
co-labeled
glyphosate
AMPA
water-sediment
systems
(OECD
308).
Balancing
13C-
15N-
fluxes
biomass
showed
pronounced
shift
transformation
from
full
mineralization
formation.
This
may
be
explained
by
various
hypotheses,
example,
substrate
inherent
batch
conditions
test
system
causing
starvation
inhibition
P
release.
Modeling
indicate
initial
N
overload
due
lower
C/N
ratio
compared
average
cell
composition
leading
subsequent
demand
accumulation
AMPA.
Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
53(5), P. 676 - 699
Published: June 6, 2022
Natural
attenuation
is
a
major
ecosystem
function
allowing
to
abate
soil
organic
contaminants
such
as
polycyclic
aromatic
hydrocarbons
(PAHs).
Biodegradation
of
PAHs
classically
considered
the
driver
natural
attenuation,
yet
role
abiotic
transformation,
including
photodegradation,
chemical
oxidation,
formation
non-extractable
residues,
and
polymerization,
has
been
overlooked
due
lack
investigations
until
recently.
This
paper
reviews
dissipation
in
soils
by
processes
photodegradation
oxidation
catalyzed
inorganic
minerals
matters.
The
components
on
degradation
rates,
pathways,
mechanisms
are
discussed.
products
transformation
their
potential
risks
also
described.
Abiotic
transformations
mainly
controlled
interactions
between
clay
minerals,
metal
oxides/hydroxides,
matter.
PAH
proceeds
both
direct
indirect
photolysis
processes,
which
enhanced
presence
photosensitizers,
for
example,
matter,
photocatalysts,
oxides/hydroxides.
can
be
chemically/catalytically
oxidized
MnO2,
FexOy,
without
light
irradiation.
Overall,
depends
electron-donating
properties,
mineral
electron-accepting
pH,
temperature,
moisture,
oxygen
content.
Following
elucidation
transformative
mechanism,
knowledge
understand
impact
biodegradation
delineated.
Future
needed
advance
correlation
laboratory
generated
rates
field
applications,
applications
based
proposed.
Environmental Pollution,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
259, P. 113826 - 113826
Published: Dec. 16, 2019
After
exposure
of
soils
to
anthropogenic
organic
chemicals
non-extractable
residues
(NER)
can
be
formed.
The
quantitative
proportion
a
compound
which
remains
is
operationally
defined
by
the
extraction
procedure
employed
and
quantified
only
when
using
isotope
labelled
compounds
(e.g.
14C
or
13C).
In
Germany
EU,
there
no
standardised
procedure,
how
determine
NER,
especially
different
legal
regulations
apply.
Consequently,
comparability
NER
data
low.
Hence,
major
task
this
study
was
development
general
approach
for
quantification
in
radiotracer
analysis.
For
that,
efficiencies
were
determined
42
non-labelled
spiked
onto
3
applying
number
techniques
conditions,
developing
an
provides
high
low
variability
broad
spectrum
analytes.
Additionally,
generated
within
soil
transformation
studies
according
OECD
307
14C-triclosan,
14C-fenoxycarb
14C-acetaminophen
analysed
sequential
batch
pressurised
liquid
(PLE).
Depending
on
used,
fraction
related
14C-triclosan
varied
greatly
between
96%
28%.
widely
universal
developed
improve
limit
overestimation
enormous
consequence
assessment
persistence
environmental
risk
chemicals.
Furthermore,
silylation,
EDTA-extraction
HCl-treatment
compared
regarding
further
analysis
Environment International,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
143, P. 105908 - 105908
Published: June 29, 2020
The
environmental
fate
and
persistence
of
bisphenol
S
(BPS),
a
substitute
for
A
(BPA),
are
unclear.
This
study
used
14C-labeled
BPS
to
examine
the
fate,
biodegradation,
residue
properties
incubated
in
an
oxic
soil
28
days.
dissipated
quickly,
with
half-life
2.8
Most
was
mineralized
(53.6
±
0.2%
initial
amount
by
day
28)
or
transformed
into
non-extractable
residues
(NERs)
(45.1
0.3%),
generation
minor
extractable
(3.7
0.2%)
containing
two
metabolites.
NERs
were
formed
mainly
via
physico-chemical
entrapment
(51.1
2.4%
total
NERs,
consisting
almost
exclusively
BPS)
ester-linkages
(31.5
3.0%
both
polar
metabolites).
When
mixed
fresh
soil,
BPS-derived
became
unstable
bioavailable.
Subsequent
mineralization
determined
19.5
1.1%
35.5
2.6%
physico-chemically
entrapped
BPS.
model
describe
kinetics
NER
formation,
which
indicated
that
microbial
activity
could
have
strongly
reduced
kinetic
rate
release
free
form
therefore
increased
stability
this
type
soil.
Our
results
provide
unique
insights
suggest
while
is
biodegradable,
it
includes
formation
large
amounts
reversibly
covalently
bound
ester-linked
NERs.
instability
these
should
be
considered
assessments
on
risks
also
points
out
importance
agrochemicals.
Environmental Science & Technology,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
58(21), P. 9292 - 9302
Published: May 16, 2024
The
fate
of
sulfonamide
antibiotics
in
farmlands
is
crucial
for
food
and
ecological
safety,
yet
it
remains
unclear.
We
used
[phenyl-U-14C]-labeled
sulfamethoxazole
(14C-SMX)
to
quantitatively
investigate
the
SMX
a
soil–maize
system
60
days,
based
on
six-pool
model.
Formation
nonextractable
residues
(NERs)
was
predominant
unplanted
soil,
accompanied
by
minor
mineralization.
Notably,
maize
plants
significantly
increased
dissipation
(kinetic
constant
kd
=
0.30
day–1
vs
0.17
day–1),
while
substantially
reducing
NER
formation
(92%
58%
initially
applied
SMX)
accumulating
(40%,
mostly
bound
roots).
Significant
NERs
(maximal
29–42%)
were
formed
via
physicochemical
entrapment
(determined
using
silylation),
which
could
partially
be
released
taken
up
plants.
consisted
considerable
amount
(1–8%)
alkali-hydrolyzable
covalent
bonds
(2–12%,
possibly
amide
linkage).
Six
10
transformation
products
quantified
soil
extracts
NERs,
respectively,
including
hydroxyl
substitution,
deamination,
N-acylation,
among
N-lactylated
found
first
time.
Our
findings
reveal
composition
instability
SMX-derived
soil–plant
underscore
need
study
long-term
impacts
reversible
NERs.
Nature Communications,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
15(1)
Published: Oct. 24, 2024
Biodegradability
testing
in
soil
helps
to
identify
safe
synthetic
organic
chemicals
but
is
still
obscured
by
the
formation
of
soil-bound
'non-extractable'
residues
(NERs).
Present-day
methodologies
using
radiocarbon
or
stable
(