Look into my eyes: What can eye-based measures tell us about the relationship between physical activity and cognitive performance?

Journal of sport and health science/Journal of Sport and Health Science, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 12(5), P. 568 - 591

Published: May 5, 2023

There is a growing interest to understand the neurobiological mechanisms that drive positive associations of physical activity and fitness with measures cognitive performance. To better those mechanisms, several studies have employed eye-based (e.g., eye movement such as saccades, pupillary pupil dilation, vascular retinal vessel diameter) deemed be proxies for specific mechanisms. However, there currently no systematic review providing comprehensive overview these in field exercise-cognition science. Thus, this aimed address gap literature. identify eligible studies, we searched 5 electronic databases on October 23, 2022. Two researchers independently extracted data assessed risk bias using modified version Tool assEssment Study qualiTy reporting EXercise (TESTEX scale, interventional studies) critical appraisal tool from Joanna Briggs Institute (for cross-sectional studies). Our (n = 35 offers following main findings: (a) insufficient evidence available draw solid conclusions concerning gaze-fixation-based measures; (b) pupillometric measures, which are proxy noradrenergic system, can explain effect acute exercise cardiorespiratory performance mixed; (c) training- or fitness-related changes cerebrovascular system (operationalized via vasculature) are, general, positively associated improvements; (d) chronic exercises show based an oculomotor-based measure executive function antisaccade tasks); (e) association between partly mediated by dopaminergic spontaneous eye-blink rate). This confirmation provide valuable insight into may due limited number utilizing methods obtaining pupillometry, analysis, blink rate) investigating possible dose–response relationship, further research necessary before more nuanced drawn. Given economical non-invasive, hope will foster future application

Language: Английский

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Pupil dynamics during very light exercise predict benefits to prefrontal cognition

NeuroImage, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 277, P. 120244 - 120244

Published: June 21, 2023

Physical exercise, even stress-free very-light-intensity exercise such as yoga and very slow running, can have beneficial effects on executive function, possibly by potentiating prefrontal cortical activity. However, the exact ໿mechanisms underlying this potentiation not been identified. Evidence from studies using pupillometry demonstrates that pupil changes track real-time dynamics of ໿ activity linked to arousal attention, including neural circuits locus coeruleus cortex. This makes it possible examine whether pupil-linked brain induced during mediate benefits function in healthy young adults. In experiment, diameter was measured 10 min (30% Vo2peak). A Stroop task used assess before after exercise. Prefrontal activation assessed multichannel functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). We observed significantly elicited dilation, reduction interference, task-related left dorsolateral cortex compared with resting-control condition. The magnitude change dilation predicted improvement performance. addition, causal mediation analysis showed robustly determined subsequent enhancement finding supports our hypothesis ໿mechanisms, which may be tied activation, are a potential mechanism light enhances function. It also suggests useful tool interpret impact boosting cognition.

Language: Английский

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A possible contribution of the locus coeruleus to arousal enhancement with mild exercise: evidence from pupillometry and neuromelanin imaging

Cerebral Cortex Communications, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 4(2)

Published: Jan. 1, 2023

Acute mild exercise has been observed to facilitate executive function and memory. A possible underlying mechanism of this is the upregulation ascending arousal system, including catecholaminergic system originating from locus coeruleus (LC). Prior work indicates that pupil diameter, as an indirect marker LC, increases even with very light-intensity exercise. However, it remains unclear whether LC directly contributes exercise-induced pupil-linked arousal. Here, we examined involvement in change dilation induced by using pupillometry neuromelanin imaging assess integrity. sample 21 young males performed 10 min exercise, measured changes diameters psychological levels Neuromelanin-weighted magnetic resonance scans were also obtained. We diameter increased during which consistent previous findings. Notably, contrast, a integrity, predicted magnitude enhancement These relationships suggest LC-catecholaminergic potential for

Language: Английский

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Move the night way: how can physical activity facilitate adaptation to shift work?

Communications Biology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 7(1)

Published: March 2, 2024

Abstract Shift work, involving night leads to impaired sleep, cognition, health and wellbeing, an increased risk of occupational incidents. Current countermeasures include circadian adaptation phase shift biomarkers. However, evidence real-world is found primarily in occupations where light exposure readily controlled. Despite this, non-photic work remains under researched. Other markers exist (e.g., improvements cognition wellbeing outcomes) but are relatively unexplored. Timeframes for involve changes which occur over a block shifts, or working career. We propose additional timeframe exists encompasses acute within adaptation. also that physical activity might be accessible cost-effective countermeasure could influence multiple across three timeframes (Within Shift, Within Block, Work-span). Finally, practical considerations workers, industries future research identified.

Language: Английский

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Noradrenergic neuromodulation in ageing and disease

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 152, P. 105311 - 105311

Published: July 10, 2023

The locus coeruleus (LC) is a small brainstem structure located in the lower pons and main source of noradrenaline (NA) brain. Via its phasic tonic firing, it modulates cognition autonomic functions involved brain's immune response. extent degeneration to LC healthy ageing remains unclear, however, noradrenergic dysfunction may contribute pathogenesis Alzheimer's (AD) Parkinson's disease (PD). Despite their differences progression at later stages, early involvement lead comparable behavioural symptoms such as preclinical sleep problems neuropsychiatric result AD PD pathology. In this review, we draw attention mechanisms that underlie ageing, PD. We aim motivate future research investigate how system play pivotal role which also be relevant other neurodegenerative diseases.

Language: Английский

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Cholinergic‐related pupil activity reflects level of emotionality during motor performance

European Journal of Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 59(9), P. 2193 - 2207

Published: April 29, 2023

Abstract Pupil size covaries with the diffusion rate of cholinergic and noradrenergic neurons throughout brain, which are essential to arousal. Recent findings suggest that slow pupil fluctuations during locomotion an index sustained activity in axons, whereas phasic dilations related axons. Here, we investigated movement induced arousal (i.e., by singing swaying music), hypothesising actively engaging musical behaviour will provoke stronger emotional engagement participants lead different qualitative patterns tonic activity. A challenge analysis data is turbulent diameter due exogenous ocular commonly encountered motor tasks high variability typically found between individuals. To address this, developed algorithm adaptively estimates removes responses events, as well a functional methodology, derived from Pfaffs' generalised arousal, provides new statistical dimension on how can be interpreted according putative neuromodulatory signalling. We enhanced cholinergic‐related having opportunity move your body while performing amplified effect Phasic oscillations execution attenuated time, often measure sense agency over movement.

Language: Английский

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Light‐exercise‐induced dopaminergic and noradrenergic stimulation in the dorsal hippocampus: Using a rat physiological exercise model

The FASEB Journal, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 38(24)

Published: Dec. 12, 2024

Abstract Exercise activates the dorsal hippocampus that triggers synaptic and cellar plasticity ultimately promotes memory formation. For decades, these benefits have been explored using demanding stress‐response‐inducing exercise at moderate‐to‐vigorous intensities. In contrast, our translational research with animals humans has focused on light‐intensity (light exercise) below lactate threshold (LT), which almost anyone can safely perform minimal stress. We found even light stimulate hippocampal activity enhance performance. Although circuit mechanism of this boost remains unclear, arousal promotion implies involvement ascending monoaminergic system is essential to modulate impact memory. To test hypothesis, we employed physiological model based LT rats immunohistochemically assessed neuronal activation sub‐regions brainstem neurons. Also, monitored extracellular concentration monoamines in vivo microdialysis. increased elevated concentrations noradrenaline dopamine. Furthermore, tyrosine hydroxylase‐positive neurons locus coeruleus (LC) ventral tegmental area (VTA) were activated by both positively correlated activation. conclusion, findings demonstrate stimulates neurons, are associated LC‐noradrenergic VTA‐dopaminergic This shed mechanisms responsible for neural during exercise, consequently enhancing function.

Language: Английский

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Resting-state blink rate does not increase following very-light-intensity exercise, but individual variation predicts executive function enhancement levels

Journal of PHYSIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 44(1)

Published: April 14, 2025

Abstract Background Acute physical exercise, even at a very-light-intensity, potentiates prefrontal cortex activation and improves executive function. The underlying circuit mechanisms in the brain remain poorly understood, though we speculate potential involvement of arousal-related neuromodulatory systems. Recently, our rodent study demonstrated that light-intensity, activates midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Resting-state spontaneous eye blink rate is linked to brain-arousal neural circuits, potentially those modulated by system. We hypothesized substrates resting-state contribute cognitive impact acute very-light-intensity exercise. Method analyzed data from previous with renewed focus on rate. Twenty-four healthy young adults completed both 10 min cycling (very-light-intensity exercise: 30% peak oxygen uptake) rest conditions. Stroop task performance were measured before after exercise resting control. Results showed no significant differences changes between However, correlation analyses revealed exercise-induced significantly associated individual variations enhancement. Conclusion Very-light-intensity does not elicit consistent increase This finding support increase-linked substrate enhancing function through altered predictive enhancement levels; this may serve as novel contactless biomarker for predicting benefits health cognition.

Language: Английский

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Limited potential for fNIRS photobiomodulation in exercise-induced pupil dynamics and improved executive function

NeuroImage, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 121233 - 121233

Published: April 1, 2025

Language: Английский

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Improvement of mnemonic discrimination with acute light exercise is mediated by pupil-linked arousal in healthy older adults

Neurobiology of Aging, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 133, P. 107 - 114

Published: Sept. 20, 2023

Language: Английский

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