
Frontiers in Oncology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 15
Published: April 7, 2025
Cancer treatment has long been hindered by the complexity of tumor microenvironment (TME) and mechanisms that tumors employ to evade immune detection. Recently, combination checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) anti-angiogenic therapies emerged as a promising approach improve cancer outcomes. This review delves into role immunostimulatory molecules ICIs in enhancing anti-tumor immunity, while also discussing therapeutic potential strategies cancer. In particular, we highlight critical endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress angiogenesis. Moreover, explore macrophage reprogramming bolster with focus on restoring phagocytic function, modulating hypoxic environments, targeting cytokines chemokines shape responses. By examining underlying combining therapies, recent clinical trials discuss biomarkers guide predict efficacy.
Language: Английский