Role of CD4+ T cell-derived cytokines in the pathogenesis of uveitis

Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 25(1)

Published: Feb. 5, 2025

Uveitis refers to a diverse group of inflammatory diseases that affecting the uveal tract, comprising iris, ciliary body, and choroid, with potential repercussions ranging from visual impairment blindness. The role autoimmunity in uveitis etiology is complex still under investigation. CD4+ T cells intricately regulate immune responses through their subtypes: Th1, Th2, Th17, Treg (T regulatory), Tfh (follicular helper) cells. Each cell subtype secretes specific cytokines either pathogenic or protective implications uveitis. Th1 cells, characterized by IFN-γ secretion T-bet expression, drive type 1 against intracellular pathogens. Conversely, Th2 which produce interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-13 express transcription factor GATA3, mediate 2 larger extracellular threats like helminths. Th17 generating IL-17 IL-22 controlled RORγt, engage 3 select releasing IL-21 governed Bcl6, aid B antibody production. Tregs, identified Foxp3, exert regulatory functions homeostasis. This review delves into roles cell-derived uveitis, emphasizing intricate involvement disease progression resolution. Insight these mechanisms might guide therapeutic approaches targeting management.

Language: Английский

Significance of Macrophage-Mediated Inflammatory Response in Ocular Inflammatory Complications

Frontiers in Bioscience-Landmark, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 30(3)

Published: March 18, 2025

Immune cells such as macrophages play a significant role in ocular inflammation by activating or inhibiting several cellular pathways. Systemic infections and autoimmune diseases could activate releasing various pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, which reach the eyes through blood-retina barrier cause immune inflammatory responses. In addition, environmental pollutants, allergens, eye injuries also an response. Further, response generated recruit additional enhance The leads to tissue damage dysfunction affects vision. Macrophages are generally implicated clearance of pathogens debris, generate reactive oxygen species, initiate However, uncontrolled responses tissues, leading complications uveitis, scleritis, diabetic retinopathy, retinitis. Recent studies describe individual cytokines mediation specific diseases. this article, we discussed potential impact their mediated on development possible treatment strategies.

Language: Английский

Ocular Immune-Related Adverse Events Associated with PD-1 Inhibitors: From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Management

Seminars in Ophthalmology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 1 - 18

Published: Nov. 28, 2024

Purpose: To help ophthalmologists and oncologists better understand the ocular irAEs secondary to PD-1 inhibitors , enabling early detection management of complications.

Language: Английский