Long COVID-19 Pathophysiology: What Do We Know So Far? DOI Creative Commons
Nikolaos Tziolos, Πέτρος Ιωάννου, Stella Baliou

et al.

Microorganisms, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 11(10), P. 2458 - 2458

Published: Sept. 30, 2023

Long COVID-19 is a recognized entity that affects millions of people worldwide. Its broad clinical symptoms include thrombotic events, brain fog, myocarditis, shortness breath, fatigue, muscle pains, and others. Due to the binding virus with ACE-2 receptors, expressed in many organs, it can potentially affect any system; however, most often cardiovascular, central nervous, respiratory, immune systems. Age, high body mass index, female sex, previous hospitalization, smoking are some its risk factors. Despite great efforts define pathophysiology, gaps remain be explained. The main mechanisms described literature involve viral persistence, hypercoagulopathy, dysregulation, autoimmunity, hyperinflammation, or combination these. exact may differ from system system, but share same pathways. This review aims describe prevalent pathophysiological pathways explaining this syndrome.

Language: Английский

Cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction in post-COVID-19 syndrome: a major health-care burden DOI
Artur Fedorowski,

Alessandra Fanciulli,

Satish R. Raj

et al.

Nature Reviews Cardiology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 21(6), P. 379 - 395

Published: Jan. 2, 2024

Language: Английский

Citations

55
Thromboinflammation in long COVID—the elusive key to postinfection sequelae? DOI Creative Commons
Leo Nicolai, Rainer Kaiser, Konstantin Stark

et al.

Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 21(8), P. 2020 - 2031

Published: May 11, 2023

Language: Английский

Citations

52
The Hiking Optimization Algorithm: A novel human-based metaheuristic approach DOI Creative Commons
Sunday O. Oladejo, Stephen O. Ekwe, Seyedali Mirjalili

et al.

Knowledge-Based Systems, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 296, P. 111880 - 111880

Published: May 3, 2024

In this paper, a novel metaheuristic called 'The Hiking Optimization Algorithm' (HOA) is proposed. HOA inspired by hiking, popular recreational activity, in recognition of the similarity between search landscapes optimization problems and mountainous terrains traversed hikers. HOA's mathematical model premised on Tobler's Function (THF), which determines walking velocity hikers (i.e. agents) considering elevation terrain distance covered. THF employed determining hikers' positions course solving an problem. performance demonstrated benchmarking with 29 well-known test functions (including unimodal, multimodal, fixed-dimension composite functions), three engineering design (EDPs), I-beam, tension/compression spring, gear train problems) two N-P Hard Traveling Salesman's Knapsack Problems). Moreover, results are verified comparison to 14 other metaheuristics, including Teaching Learning Based (TLBO), Genetic Algorithm (GA), Differential Evolution (DE), Particle Swarm Optimization, Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO) as well newly introduced algorithms such Komodo Mlipir (KMA), Quadratic Interpolation (QIO), Coronavirus (COVIDOA). study, we employ statistical tests Wilcoxon rank sum, Friedman test, Dunn's post hoc for evaluation. competitive and, many instances, outperform aforementioned metaheuristics.

Language: Английский

Citations

49
Damage to endothelial barriers and its contribution to long COVID DOI Open Access
Xiaoming Wu, Mengqi Xiang, Haijiao Jing

et al.

Angiogenesis, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 27(1), P. 5 - 22

Published: April 27, 2023

Language: Английский

Citations

48
Long COVID manifests with T cell dysregulation, inflammation, and an uncoordinated adaptive immune response to SARS-CoV-2 DOI Creative Commons
Kailin Yin, Michael J. Peluso, Xiaoyu Luo

et al.

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Feb. 10, 2023

Long COVID (LC), a type of post-acute sequelae SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC), occurs after at least 10% infections, yet its etiology remains poorly understood. Here, we used multiple "omics" assays (CyTOF, RNAseq/scRNAseq, Olink) and serology to deeply characterize both global SARS-CoV-2-specific immunity from blood individuals with clear LC non-LC clinical trajectories, 8 months following prior receipt any vaccine. Our analysis focused on deep phenotyping T cells, which play important roles in against may also contribute COVID-19 pathogenesis. findings demonstrate that exhibit systemic inflammation immune dysregulation. This is evidenced by differences cell subset distribution ways imply ongoing responses, as well sex-specific perturbations cytolytic subsets. Individuals harbored increased frequencies CD4+ cells poised migrate inflamed tissues, exhausted CD8+ cells. They significantly higher levels antibodies, contrast individuals, exhibited mis-coordination between their B responses. RNAseq/scRNAseq Olink analyses similarly revealed dysregulatory mechanisms, along non-immune associated perturbations, LC. Collectively, our data suggest proper crosstalk the humoral cellular arms adaptive has broken down LC, this, perhaps context persistent virus, leads dysregulation, inflammation, symptoms this debilitating condition.

Language: Английский

Citations

47
Tissue-based T cell activation and viral RNA persist for up to 2 years after SARS-CoV-2 infection DOI
Michael J. Peluso,

Dylan Ryder,

Robert R. Flavell

et al.

Science Translational Medicine, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 16(754)

Published: July 3, 2024

The mechanisms of postacute medical conditions and unexplained symptoms after SARS-CoV-2 infection [Long Covid (LC)] are incompletely understood. There is growing evidence that viral persistence, immune dysregulation, T cell dysfunction may play major roles. We performed whole-body positron emission tomography imaging in a well-characterized cohort 24 participants at time points ranging from 27 to 910 days acute using the radiopharmaceutical agent [

Language: Английский

Citations

38
Mechanisms of long COVID and the path toward therapeutics DOI Creative Commons

Michael J. Peluso,

Steven G. Deeks

Cell, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Sept. 1, 2024

Language: Английский

Citations

33
The knowns and unknowns of long COVID-19: from mechanisms to therapeutical approaches DOI Creative Commons
Roxana Gheorghiţă, Iuliana Șoldănescu, Andrei Lobiuc

et al.

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 15

Published: March 4, 2024

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has been defined as the greatest global health and socioeconomic crisis of modern times. While most people recover after being infected with virus, a significant proportion them continue to experience issues weeks, months even years acute infection SARS-CoV-2. This persistence clinical symptoms in individuals for at least three onset or emergence new lasting more than two months, without any other explanation alternative diagnosis have named long COVID, long-haul post-COVID-19 conditions, chronic post-acute sequelae (PASC). Long COVID characterized constellation disorders that vary widely their manifestations. Further, mechanisms underlying are not fully understood, which hamper efficient treatment options. review describes predictors common related COVID's effects on central peripheral nervous system organs tissues. Furthermore, transcriptional markers, molecular signaling pathways risk factors such sex, age, pre-existing condition, hospitalization during phase COVID-19, vaccination, lifestyle presented. Finally, recommendations patient rehabilitation management, well therapeutical approaches discussed. Understanding complexity this disease, its across multiple organ systems overlapping pathologies possible paramount developing diagnostic tools treatments.

Language: Английский

Citations

23
Mechanisms of endothelial activation, hypercoagulation and thrombosis in COVID-19: a link with diabetes mellitus DOI Creative Commons
Inés Valencia, Jairo Lumpuy‐Castillo, Giselle Santos Magalhães

et al.

Cardiovascular Diabetology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 23(1)

Published: Feb. 20, 2024

Abstract Early since the onset of COVID-19 pandemic, medical and scientific community were aware extra respiratory actions SARS-CoV-2 infection. Endothelitis, hypercoagulation, hypofibrinolysis identified in patients as subsequent responses endothelial dysfunction. Activation barrier may increase severity disease contribute to long-COVID syndrome post-COVID sequelae. Besides, it cause alterations primary, secondary, tertiary hemostasis. Importantly, these have been highly decisive evolution infected also diagnosed with diabetes mellitus (DM), who showed previous In this review, we provide an overview potential triggers activation related under diabetic milieu. Several mechanisms are induced by both viral particle itself immune-defensive response (i.e., NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway, vasoactive peptides, cytokine storm, NETosis, complement system). Alterations coagulation mediators such factor VIII, fibrin, tissue factor, von Willebrand factor: ADAMST-13 ratio, kallikrein-kinin or plasminogen-plasmin systems reported. Moreover, imbalance thrombotic thrombolytic (tPA, PAI-I, fibrinogen) factors favors hypercoagulation hypofibrinolysis. context DM, can be exacerbated leading higher loss However, a series therapeutic strategies targeting activated endothelium specific antibodies inhibitors against thrombin, key cytokines, X, system, system might represent new opportunities address hypercoagulable state present DM. Antidiabetics ameliorate dysfunction, inflammation, platelet aggregation. By improving microvascular pathology subjects, associated comorbidities risk mortality could reduced.

Language: Английский

Citations

21
Neuroinflammation in post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) as assessed by [11C]PBR28 PET correlates with vascular disease measures DOI Creative Commons
Michael B. VanElzakker,

Hannah F. Bues,

Ludovica Brusaferri

et al.

Brain Behavior and Immunity, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 119, P. 713 - 723

Published: April 18, 2024

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has triggered a consequential public health crisis of post-acute sequelae (PASC), sometimes referred to as long COVID. mechanisms the heterogeneous persistent symptoms and signs that comprise PASC are under investigation, several studies have pointed central nervous vascular systems being potential sites dysfunction. In current study, we recruited individuals with diverse symptoms, examined relationship between neuroinflammation circulating markers We used [

Language: Английский

Citations

21