Research progress of CTC, ctDNA, and EVs in cancer liquid biopsy

Frontiers in Oncology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 14

Published: Jan. 25, 2024

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs), circulating DNA (ctDNA), and extracellular vehicles (EVs) have received significant attention in recent times as emerging biomarkers subjects of transformational studies. The three main branches liquid biopsy evolved from the primary detection targets—CTC, ctDNA, EVs—each with distinct benefits. CTCs are derived cancer original or metastases may display global features tumor. ctDNA has been extensively analyzed used to aid diagnosis, treatment, prognosis neoplastic diseases. EVs contain tumor-derived material such DNA, RNA, proteins, lipids, sugar structures, metabolites. provide different contents but strong complementarity a certain extent. Even though they already employed several clinical trials, utility is still being studied, promising initial findings. This review thoroughly overviews established technologies for isolation, characterization, content CTC, EVs. Also discussed were most developments study potential therapeutic monitoring, prediction. These included Finally, challenges employing based on precision medicine evaluated.

Language: Английский

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Programmed death receptor (PD-)1/PD-ligand (L)1 in urological cancers : the “all-around warrior” in immunotherapy

Molecular Cancer, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 23(1)

Published: Sept. 2, 2024

Programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1) and its ligand, programmed ligand-1 (PD-L1) are essential molecules that key in modulating immune responses. PD-L1 is constitutively expressed on various cells, epithelial cancer where it functions as a co-stimulatory molecule capable of impairing T-cell mediated Upon binding to PD-1 activated T-cells, the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction triggers signaling pathways can induce apoptosis or anergy, thereby facilitating escape tumors. In urological cancers, including bladder (BCa), renal cell carcinoma (RCC), prostate (PCa), upregulation has been demonstrated. It linked poor prognosis enhanced tumor evasion. Recent studies have highlighted significant role axis mechanisms cancers. The between T-cells further contributes immunosuppression by inhibiting activation proliferation. Clinical applications checkpoint inhibitors shown promising efficacy treating advanced significantly improving patient outcomes. However, resistance these therapies, either intrinsic acquired, remains challenge. This review aims provide comprehensive overview pathway We summarize regulatory mechanism underlying expression activity, genetic, epigenetic, post-transcriptional, post-translational modifications. Additionally, we discuss current clinical research inhibitors, their therapeutic potential, challenges associated with resistance. Understanding crucial for developing new strategies overcome limitations enhance immunotherapy.

Language: Английский

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Extracellular vesicles and the “six Rs” in radiotherapy

Cancer Treatment Reviews, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 129, P. 102799 - 102799

Published: July 4, 2024

Over half of patients with cancer receive radiation therapy during the course their disease. Decades radiobiological research have identified 6 parameters affecting biological response to referred as "Rs": Repair, Radiosensitivity, Repopulation, Redistribution, Reoxygenation, and Reactivation anti-tumour immune response. Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) are small membrane-bound particles whose multiple functions increasingly documented. Here we discuss evidence for a role EVs in orchestration cells radiotherapy. We highlight that involved DNA repair mechanisms, modulation cellular sensitivity radiation, facilitation tumour repopulation. Moreover, influence reoxygenation dynamics, play pivotal fostering radioresistance. Last, examine how EV-related strategies could be translated into novel aimed at enhancing efficacy against cancer.

Language: Английский

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Investigating the clinical significance of E2F5 expression in circulating extracellular vesicles in prostate carcinoma

Urologia Journal, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Feb. 5, 2025

Background: Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) based screening strategy has caused a marked improvement in prostate cancer detection and reduction associated mortality. However, its specificity sensitivity is not optimal for differentiating different forms of cancer, resulting overtreatment indolent tumors. E2F5, member the family transcription factors plays essential roles during many cellular processes. E2F5 amplification major event PCa. A liquid biopsy minimally invasive procedure to investigate cancer-related molecules circulating tumor cells (CTCs), cell-free DNA, extracellular vesicles (EVs). Serum plasma are attractive sources EV-based biomarkers as blood sample acquisition procedure. Given, shortcomings PSA serum marker, suitability expression chemical properties EVs can be used diagnosis clinically significant cancer. Objectives: To technically refine current histopathology-based PCa by adding it molecular readouts specific disease states biochemical fingerprints EVs. Materials methods: The study included 100 TRUS-biopsied tissues, 50 representing 4 Gleason grades another BPH. Expression was studied all qualified tissues Immunohistochemistry (IHC). Blood from patients collected were isolated characterized. Results: highly upregulated through grades, maximum being 10(5 + 5) minimum 7(3 4), compared within 30–200 nm size. Conclusion: factor, overexpressed malignant grades. BPH served control samples. might serve potential marker predicting progression better prognosis.

Language: Английский

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Extracellular vesicle biomarkers redefine prostate cancer radiotherapy

Cancer Letters, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 217568 - 217568

Published: Feb. 1, 2025

Language: Английский

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The Diagnostic Value of Plasma Small Extracellular Vesicle‐Derived CAIX Protein in Prostate Cancer and Clinically Significant Prostate Cancer: A Study on Predictive Models

The Prostate, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Feb. 27, 2025

Current diagnostic tools are inaccurate and not specific to prostate cancer (PCa) diagnosis. Cancer-derived small extracellular vehicles (sEVs) play a key role in intercellular communication. In this study, we examined the value of plasma sEV-derived carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) protein for PCa clinically significant (csPCa) diagnosis avoiding unnecessary biopsies. Plasma samples (n = 230) were collected from patients who underwent biopsy with elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels. sEVs isolated characterized, sEV CAIX was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Independent predictors csPCa (Gleason score ≥ 7) identified, predictive model established. A Nomogram predicting developed data training cohort. The expression significantly higher both compared benign nonsignificant (nsPCa) < 7, p 0.001). performed well distinguishing patients. defined by PSA density (PSAD) demonstrated highest discriminative ability (AUC 0.895), sensitivity specificity 82.5% 85.8%, respectively. Furthermore, is effective predictor 2-year biochemical recurrence (BCR) (p 0.013), its high associated poorer BCR-free survival 0.05). Our findings demonstrate excellent performance Nomogram-based incorporating PSAD exhibits strong value. Additionally, assessing levels can further aid evaluating patient prognosis provide basis making treatment decisions.

Language: Английский

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Salivary Extracellular Vesicles in Detection of Cancers Other than Head and Neck: A Systematic Review

Cells, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 14(6), P. 411 - 411

Published: March 11, 2025

Cancer is one of the leading causes death worldwide. Evidence indicates that extracellular vesicles are involved in cancer development and may be used as promising biomarkers detection. Concomitantly, saliva constitutes a non-invasive inexpensive source biomarkers. This systematic review investigates use salivary detecting cancers located outside head neck. PubMed, Web Science, Scopus, Embase were thoroughly searched from database inception to 16 July 2024. Data sixteen eligible studies analyzed, including glioblastoma, lung, esophageal, gastric, prostate, hepatocellular, breast, pancreatobiliary tract cancers. The findings highlight strong diagnostic potential for lung esophageal cancers, where specific exosomal RNAs proteins demonstrated high accuracy distinguishing patients healthy individuals. Additionally, glioblastoma showed prognostic value, while those hepatocellular exhibited early However, gastric prostate limited reliability, breast require further validation. In conclusion, present detection across multiple types; however, their power needs research, standardization large-scale

Language: Английский

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Prognostic Value of Centrosome Replication-Related Genes in Prostate Cancer Based on Transcriptomic and Mendelian Randomization

American Journal of Men s Health, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 19(2)

Published: March 1, 2025

Prostate cancer (PCa) is a significant global health concern, with its incidence and mortality rates projected to rise due population aging. In this study, we utilized PCa transcriptome data from public databases applied bioinformatics methods identify three prognostic genes ( CDC20 , RAD51 TTK ) related centrosome duplication in PCa. involved cell cycle regulation, deoxyribonucleic acid double-strand break repair, spindle assembly checkpoint function proliferation. We constructed risk model nomogram model, both demonstrating moderate good predictive performance area under the curve values ranging 0.611 0.765 at different time points. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed that these were enriched 64 pathways, including pathway, which dysregulated cancer. Furthermore, analyzed immune microenvironment identified 13 differential cells checkpoints between high- low-risk groups, providing insights into potential immunotherapy targets for conclusion, study contributes deeper understanding of pathogenesis lays important theoretical experimental foundations developing new diagnostic markers treatment strategies. Future research requires more clinical samples continued monitoring mechanism

Language: Английский

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Small extracellular vesicles: crucial mediators for prostate cancer

Journal of Nanobiotechnology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 23(1)

Published: March 21, 2025

Abstract Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) play a critical role in the progression, diagnosis, and treatment of prostate cancer (PCa), particularly within tumor microenvironment (TME). Acting as novel biomarkers agents for targeted biological therapy, sEVs contribute significantly to improving patient survival. These transport variety biomolecules, including proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, which are instrumental remodeling TME, facilitating intercellular communication, influencing key processes such growth, metastasis, therapy resistance. A thorough understanding sEV heterogeneity, their biogenesis, characteristics, potential applications, is essential. Recent advances have illuminated origins, formation processes, molecular cargo PCa-derived (PCa-sEVs), enhancing our disease progression. Furthermore, show promise diagnostic markers, with applications early detection prognostic assessment PCa. Therapeutically, natural engineered offer versatile drug delivery, gene immunomodulation, underscoring PCa management. This review delves into substantial clinical practices Graphical

Language: Английский

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Prognostic Assessment and Analysis of Underlying Biological Mechanisms of Prostate Cancer Based on Estrogen-Related Genes

Hormone and Metabolic Research, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 57(04), P. 273 - 285

Published: April 1, 2025

Abstract Prostate cancer (PCa) ranks among the most prevalent cancers in men, noted for its high mortality rate and unfavorable prognosis. Estrogen-related genes (ERGs) are significantly associated with progression of PCa. This investigation aims to comprehensively assess prognosis PCa based on ERGs explore underlying biological mechanisms. Univariate, multivariate, Least Absolute Shrinkage Selection Operator (LASSO) regression analyses were conducted identify prognostic signature build a model. The model’s predictive performance was assessed using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA), Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia Genes Genomes (KEGG) enrichment employed investigate molecular mechanisms Antitumor drugs sensitivity predicted CellMiner database pRRophitic package. Additionally, miRNAs targeting identified miRNet database. study six as biomarkers PCa: POU4F1, BMP2, PGF, GAS1, GNAZ, FGF11. findings indicated that individuals low-risk category exhibited improved results. Notably, may be closely linked cell adhesion molecule pathway epigenetic regulation. hsa-let-7a-5p hsa-miR-34a-5p potential therapeutic regulators treatment. In conclusion, this research offers novel perspectives into PCa, providing robust scientific support development personalized treatment strategies patients.

Language: Английский

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