Pharmaceuticals,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
17(12), P. 1701 - 1701
Published: Dec. 17, 2024
The
present
review
provides
a
detailed
and
comprehensive
discussion
on
antibody–drug
conjugates
(ADCs)
as
an
evolving
new
modality
in
the
current
therapeutic
landscape
of
malignant
diseases.
principle
concepts
targeted
delivery
highly
toxic
agents
forsaken
stand-alone
drugs
are
examined
detail,
along
with
biochemical
technological
tools
for
their
successful
implementation.
An
extensive
analysis
ADCs’
major
components
is
conducted
parallel
function
impact
stability,
efficacy,
safety,
resistance
profiles
immunoconjugates.
scope
article
covers
classes
currently
validated
natural
compounds
used
payloads,
emphasis
structural
mechanistic
features,
origin,
distribution.
Future
perspectives
design
thoroughly
explored,
addressing
inherent
or
emerging
challenges
limitations.
survey
also
overview
molecular
rationale
active
tumor
targeting
ADC-based
platforms,
exploring
cellular
biology
clinical
relevance
markers
“homing”
mechanism
both
hematological
solid
malignancies.
Journal of Nanobiotechnology,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
23(1)
Published: Feb. 6, 2025
Nanobodies
(Nbs),
miniature
antibodies
consisting
solely
of
the
variable
region
heavy
chains,
exhibit
unique
properties
such
as
small
size,
high
stability,
and
strong
specificity,
making
them
highly
promising
for
disease
diagnosis
treatment.
The
engineering
production
Nbs
has
evolved
into
a
mature
process,
involving
library
construction,
screening,
expression
purification.
Different
types,
including
immune,
naïve,
synthetic/semi-synthetic
libraries,
offer
diverse
options
various
applications,
while
display
platforms
like
phage
display,
cell
surface
non-surface
provide
efficient
screening
target
Nbs.
Recent
advancements
in
artificial
intelligence
(AI)
have
opened
new
avenues
Nb
engineering.
AI's
exceptional
performance
protein
structure
prediction
molecular
interaction
simulation
introduced
novel
perspectives
tools
design
optimization.
Integrating
AI
with
traditional
experimental
methods
is
anticipated
to
enhance
efficiency
precision
development,
expediting
transition
from
basic
research
clinical
applications.
This
review
comprehensively
examines
latest
progress
engineering,
emphasizing
construction
strategies,
platform
technologies,
It
evaluates
strengths
weaknesses
libraries
explores
potential
challenges
predicting
structure,
antigen-antibody
interactions,
optimizing
physicochemical
properties.
bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory),
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: Jan. 11, 2025
Abstract
The
vacuolar
ATPase
(V-ATPase;
V
1
o
)
is
a
multi-subunit
rotary
nanomotor
proton
pump
that
acidifies
organelles
in
virtually
all
eukaryotic
cells,
and
extracellular
spaces
some
specialized
tissues
of
higher
organisms.
Evidence
suggests
metastatic
breast
cancers
mislocalize
V-ATPase
to
the
plasma
membrane
promote
cell
survival
facilitate
metastasis,
making
potential
drug
target.
We
have
generated
library
camelid
single-domain
antibodies
(Nanobodies;
Nbs)
against
lipid-nanodisc
reconstituted
yeast
channel
subcomplex.
Here,
we
present
an
in-depth
characterization
three
anti-V
Nbs
using
biochemical
biophysical
vitro
experiments.
find
bind
with
high
affinity,
one
Nb
inhibiting
holoenzyme
activity
another
preventing
enzyme
assembly.
Using
cryoEM,
two
c
subunit
ring
on
lumen
side
complex.
Additionally,
show
raised
can
pull
down
human
(
Hs
).
Our
research
demonstrates
versatility
target
modulate
V-ATPase,
highlights
for
future
therapeutic
development.
bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory),
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: Jan. 13, 2025
Abstract
In
Alzheimer’s
disease
(AD)
and
related
tauopathies,
progressive
pathology
has
been
linked
to
prion
mechanisms,
whereby
ordered
tau
assemblies,
or
“seeds,”
form
in
one
cell
transit
neighboring
connected
cells
where
they
serve
as
templates
for
their
own
replication.
Despite
intensive
efforts
develop
early
diagnosis
effective
treatment,
none
emerged.
This
is
due
partly
the
structural
heterogeneity
of
seeds
limitations
selectively
targeting
pathogenic
conformations.
Here
we
report
discovery
a
camelid
variable
heavy
domain
chain
(VHH)
that
preferentially
binds
AD,
corticobasal
degeneration
(CBD),
PS19
tauopathy
mouse
brains.
From
published
synthetic
VHH
yeast
display
library,
identified
clones
bound
2N4R
monomer.
After
counter-screening
immunoprecipitation
seeding
from
human
brain,
two
seed-selective
anti-tau
VHH—VHH(510)
VHH(50)—that
pathological
tau.
We
enhanced
stability
these
VHHs
through
framework
mutations
without
affecting
seed-binding
characteristics.
characterized
VHH(510)
detail,
determining
it
carboxy
terminus
tau,
maintains
robust
seed
avidity
even
presence
competing
monomer,
stains
inclusions
AD
tissues.
These
results
highlight
power
bind
paving
way
future
therapeutic
diagnostic
applications
across
wide
range
neurodegenerative
disorders.
Viral
infections
remain
a
significant
global
health
threat,
with
emerging
and
reemerging
viruses
causing
epidemics
pandemics.
Despite
advancements
in
antiviral
therapies,
the
development
of
effective
treatments
is
often
hindered
by
challenges,
such
as
viral
resistance
emergence
new
strains.
In
this
context,
novel
therapeutic
modalities
essential
to
combat
notorious
viruses.
While
traditional
monoclonal
antibodies
are
widely
used
for
treatment
several
diseases,
nanobodies
derived
from
heavy
chain-only
have
emerged
promising
"nanoscale
warriors"
against
infections.
Nanobodies
possess
unique
structural
properties
that
enhance
their
ability
recognize
diverse
epitopes.
Their
small
size
also
imparts
properties,
improved
bioavailability,
solubility,
stability,
proteolytic
resistance,
making
them
an
ideal
class
therapeutics
review,
we
discuss
role
antivirals
various
Techniques
developing
nanobodies,
delivery
strategies
covered,
challenges
opportunities
associated
use
therapies
discussed.
We
offer
insights
into
future
nanobody-based
research
support
managing
Biomolecules,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
15(5), P. 639 - 639
Published: April 29, 2025
Cancer
remains
one
of
the
leading
causes
mortality
worldwide,
with
a
growing
need
for
precise
and
effective
treatments.
Traditional
therapies
such
as
chemotherapy
radiotherapy
have
limitations,
including
off-target
effects
drug
resistance.
In
recent
years,
targeted
emerged
promising
alternatives,
aiming
to
improve
treatment
specificity
reduce
systemic
toxicity.
Among
most
innovative
approaches,
bispecific
antibodies,
nanobodies,
extracellular
vesicles
offer
distinct
complementary
mechanisms
cancer
therapy.
Bispecific
antibodies
enhance
immune
responses
enable
dual-targeting
cells,
nanobodies
provide
superior
tumor
penetration
due
their
small
size,
present
novel
platform
RNA
delivery.
This
work
aims
review
analyze
these
three
assessing
current
applications,
advantages,
challenges,
future
perspectives.
Frontiers in Immunology,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
16
Published: Feb. 10, 2025
A
little
over
twenty-five
years
ago,
the
European
Medicines
Agency
(EMA)
and
Food
Drug
Administration
(FDA)
approved
chimeric
antibody
rituximab
which
fundamentally
altered
landscape
of
anti-cancer
drugs.
While
only
a
few
antibodies
were
in
immediate
that
followed
approval,
last
decade
saw
wave
antibody-drug
approvals
oncology
arena.
In
three
years,
EMA
FDA
greenlighted
eighteen
antibodies,
majority
them
designed
formats
conjugates
(ADC)
bispecific
(BsAb).
use
ADC
BsAb
current
rapid
pace
appear
routine
almost
inevitable,
such
progress
was
thought
to
be
quite
improbable
early
days
therapeutic
development.
To
understand
how
we
arrived
at
state
development
oncology,
focus
on
six
monumental
events
shaped
two
half
decades.
We
examine
circumstances
led
approval
trastuzumab,
first
successful
for
treatment
hematologic
solid
cancers.
detail
generation
dramatically
augmented
antibody-mediated
precision
cytotoxicity.
Finally,
explore
ipilimumab,
immune
checkpoint-inhibiting
activates
system
kill
cancer
cells,
discovery
allowed
checkpoint
inhibitors
across
all
types
based
presence
genetic
markers.
Revisiting
these
key
provides
critical
insights
into
process
oncology.
