Oxford University Press eBooks,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
unknown, P. 324 - C21.P257
Published: June 29, 2023
Abstract
Systemic
therapy
in
neuro-oncology
refers
to
the
use
of
any
drugs
administered
systemically
rather
than
locally.
The
most
commonly
used
are
cytotoxic
agents,
but
recent
years
have
seen
advent
targeted
therapies
such
as
small-molecule
oral
compounds
and
monoclonal
antibodies;
anti-angiogenic
agents;
immunotherapy;
and,
recently,
cellular
therapies.
for
central
nervous
system
(CNS)
malignancies
face
unique
obstacles
posed
by
blood–brain
barrier,
although
some
drugs,
agents
immunotherapies,
exert
their
effects
outside
it.
Molecular
markers
that
can
guide
chemotherapy
CNS
tumors
include
IDH,
1p/19q
co-deletion,
MGMT
status.
For
diffuse
WHO
grade
2–4
gliomas
adults,
subgroups
patients
superior
outcomes
with
radiation
compared
alone.
Patients
primary
lymphoma
best
treated
regimens
rituximab
high-dose
methotrexate.
brain
metastases
experience
clinical
benefit
newer
agents.
All
should
be
encouraged
enroll
trials
whenever
possible.
The
brain,
spinal
cord,
and
retina
are
supplied
by
capillaries
that
do
not
permit
free
diffusion
of
molecules
between
serum
parenchyma,
a
property
defines
the
blood-brain
blood-retina
barriers.
Exceptions
to
this
pattern
found
in
circumventricular
organs
(CVOs),
small
midline
brain
structures
high
permeability
capillaries.
In
eye
also
present
choriocapillaris,
which
supplies
retinal
pigment
epithelium
photoreceptors,
ciliary
body
choroid
plexus,
sources
aqueous
humor
cerebrospinal
fluid,
respectively.
We
show
here
(1)
endothelial
cells
these
vascular
systems
have
very
low
beta-catenin
signaling
compared
barrier-competent
cells,
(2)
elevating
leads
partial
conversion
permeable
barrier-type
state.
one
CVO,
area
postrema,
is
maintained,
part,
local
production
Wnt
inhibitory
factor-1.
Computational Biology and Chemistry,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
89, P. 107377 - 107377
Published: Sept. 24, 2020
The
rapid
development
of
computational
methods
and
the
increasing
volume
chemical
biological
data
have
contributed
to
an
immense
growth
in
research.
This
field
study
is
known
as
"chemoinformatics,"
which
a
discipline
that
uses
machine-learning
techniques
extract,
process,
extrapolate
from
structures.
One
significant
lines
research
chemoinformatics
blood–brain
barrier
(BBB)
permeability,
aims
identify
drug
penetration
into
central
nervous
system
(CNS).
In
this
research,
we
attempt
solve
problem
BBB
permeability
by
predicting
compounds
CNS.
To
accomplish
goal:
(i)
First,
overview
provided
chemoinformatics,
its
definition,
applications,
challenges,
(ii)
Second,
broad
view
taken
investigate
previous
deep-learning
models
permeability.
Based
on
analysis
models,
three
main
challenges
collectively
affect
classifier
performance
are
identified,
define
"the
triple
constraints";
subsequently,
map
each
constraint
proposed
solution,
(iii)
Finally,
conclude
endeavor
proposing
deep
learning
based
Recurrent
Neural
Network
model,
predict
(RNN-BBB
model).
Our
model
outperformed
other
studies
literature
scoring
overall
accuracy
96.53%,
specificity
score
98.08%.
obtained
results
confirm
addressing
constraints
substantially
improves
classification
capability
specifically
when
with
low
penetration.
Fluids and Barriers of the CNS,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
20(1)
Published: June 16, 2023
Abstract
Regulation
of
the
volume
and
electrolyte
composition
cerebrospinal
fluid
(CSF)
is
vital
for
brain
development
function.
The
Na-K-Cl
co-transporter
NKCC1
in
choroid
plexus
(ChP)
plays
key
roles
regulating
CSF
by
co-transporting
ions
mediating
same-direction
water
movements.
Our
previous
study
showed
ChP
highly
phosphorylated
neonatal
mice
as
K
+
level
drastically
decreases
that
overexpression
accelerates
clearance
reduces
ventricle
size
[1].
These
data
suggest
mediates
following
birth
mice.
In
this
current
study,
we
used
CRISPR
technology
to
create
a
conditional
knockout
mouse
line
evaluated
Inductively
Coupled
Plasma
Optical
Emission
spectroscopy
(ICP-OES).
We
demonstrated
ChP-specific
reduction
total
embryonic
intraventricular
delivery
Cre
recombinase
using
AAV2/5.
ChP-NKCC1
knockdown
was
accompanied
delayed
perinatal
.
No
gross
morphological
disruptions
were
observed
cerebral
cortex.
extended
our
results
showing
rats
shared
characteristics
with
mice,
including
decreased
expression
level,
increased
phosphorylation
state,
levels
compared
adult.
Collectively,
these
follow
up
support
NKCC1’s
role
age-appropriate
during
development.
Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
40(8), P. 1608 - 1620
Published: Sept. 7, 2019
Mannose-binding
lectin
(MBL),
an
initiator
of
the
pathway,
is
detrimental
in
ischemic
stroke.
MBL
deposition
on
endothelium
indicates
beginning
its
actions,
but
downstream
mechanisms
are
not
clear
yet.
We
investigated
interactions
with
by
exposing
human
brain
microvascular
endothelial
cells
(hBMECs)
to
protocols
ischemia.
Cells
were
exposed
hypoxia
or
oxygen–glucose
deprivation
(OGD),
and
re-oxygenated
serum
(HS)
recombinant
(rhMBL).
Hypoxic
hBMECs
HS
showed
increased
complement
system
activation
(C3c
deposition,
+59%)
(+93%)
than
normoxic
cells.
Super-resolution
microscopy
internalization
hypoxic
altered
cytoskeletal
organization,
indicating
a
potential
action
structure.
To
isolate
effect,
rhMBL
after
hypoxia/OGD.
In
both
conditions,
reduced
viability
(hypoxia:
−25%,
OGD:
−34%)
compared
conditions
without
MBL,
showing
direct
toxic
effect.
Ischemic
also
greater
+143%,
+126%)
These
results
confirmed
primary
OGD
(increased
MBL-induced
cell
death:
+226%,
deposition:
+104%).
The
present
findings
demonstrate
that
can
exert
deleterious
effect
vitro,
independently
from
activation.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
23(3), P. 1862 - 1862
Published: Feb. 7, 2022
Caffeine,
a
common
ingredient
in
energy
drinks,
crosses
the
blood-brain
barrier
easily,
but
kinetics
of
caffeine
across
blood-cerebrospinal
fluid
(BCSFB)
has
not
been
investigated.
Therefore,
127
autopsy
cases
(Group
A,
30
patients,
stimulant-detected
group;
and
Group
B,
97
no
stimulant
detected
group)
were
examined.
In
addition,
BCSFB
model
was
constructed
using
human
vascular
endothelial
cells
choroid
plexus
epithelial
separated
by
filter,
effects
4-aminopyridine
(4-AP),
neuroexcitatory
agent,
studied.
Caffeine
concentrations
right
heart
blood
(Rs)
cerebrospinal
(CSF)
compared
cases:
higher
Rs
than
CSF
A
to
B.
model,
4-AP
added
upper
layer,
concentration
lower
layer
measured.
The
suppressed,
depending
on
concentration.
Histomorphological
examination
suggested
that
involved
inhibiting
efflux
CSF.
Thus,
simultaneous
presence
stimulants
inhibits
transfer
BCSFB.
Journal of Neuroscience Research,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
99(11), P. 2804 - 2821
Published: July 29, 2021
Abstract
With
the
advent
of
real‐time
MRI,
motion
and
passage
cerebrospinal
fluid
can
be
visualized
without
gating
exclusion
low‐frequency
waves.
This
imaging
modality
gives
insights
into
low‐volume,
rapidly
oscillating
cardiac‐driven
movement
as
well
sustained,
high‐volume,
slowly
inspiration‐driven
movement.
Inspiration
means
a
spontaneous
or
artificial
increase
in
intrathoracic
dimensions
independent
body
position.
Alterations
thoracic
diameter
enable
spinal
epidural
venous
compartments
to
emptied
filled,
producing
an
upward
surge
inside
spine
during
inspiration;
this
counterbalances
downward
pooling
blood
toward
heart.
Real‐time
macroscale
vivo
observation
method,
could
expand
our
knowledge
neurofluid
dynamics,
including
how
astrocytic
preloading
is
adjusted
brain
buoyancy
turgor
are
maintained
different
postures
zero
gravity.
Along
with
these
findings,
new
microscale
aquaporin‐mediated
transfer,
its
sensing
by
cilia,
tuning
nitric
oxide
will
reviewed.
By
incorporating
clinical
spanning
several
disciplines,
certain
disorders—congenital
hydrocephalus
Chiari
malformation,
idiopathic
intracranial
hypertension,
adult
hydrocephalus—are
interpreted
reviewed
according
current
concepts,
from
basics
interrelated
systems
their
pathology.
With
the
advent
of
real-time
MRI,
motion
and
passage
cerebrospinal
fluid
can
be
visualized
without
gating
exclusion
low-frequency
waves.
This
imaging
modality
gives
insights
into
low-volume,
rapidly
oscillating
cardiac-driven
movement
as
well
sustained,
high-volume,
slowly
inspiration-driven
movement.Inspiration
means
a
spontaneous
or
artificial
increase
in
intrathoracic
dimensions
independent
body
position.
Alterations
thoracic
diameter
enable
spinal
epidural
venous
compartments
to
emptied
filled,
producing
an
upward
surge
inside
spine
during
inspiration;
this
counterbalances
downward
pooling
blood
toward
heart.Real-time
macroscale
vivo
observation
method,
could
expand
our
knowledge
neurofluid
dynamics,
including
how
astrocytic
preloading
is
adjusted
brain
buoyancy
turgor
are
maintained
different
postures
zero
gravity.Along
with
these
findings,
new
microscale
aquaporin-mediated
transfer,
its
sensing
by
cilia
tuning
nitric
oxide
will
reviewed.
By
incorporating
clinical
spanning
several
disciplines,
certain
disorders—congenital
hydrocephalus
Chiari
malformation,
idiopathic
intracranial
hypertension
adult
hydrocephalus—are
interpreted
reviewed
according
current
concepts,
from
basics
interrelated
systems
their
pathology.
Journal of Anatomy and Histopathology,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
10(3), P. 15 - 26
Published: Sept. 20, 2021
The
aim
of
research
was
to
study
structural
changes
and
give
a
morphometric
characteristic
the
edemaswelling
manifestations
dentate
gyrus
(DG)
hippocampal
formation
in
sexually
mature
white
rats
after
common
carotid
artery
occlusion
(OCCA)
different
duration
ligation
(LCCA)
arteries.
Material
methods.
Acute
ischemia
simulated
adult
Wistar
by
20-,
30-,
40-min
Histological
(staining
with
hematoxylin-eosin,
according
Nissl),
immunohistochemical
(NSE,
MAP-2,
GFAP)
techniques
were
used
for
morphological
investigations.
Morphometric
analysis
edema-swelling
carried
out
on
samples
stained
hematoxylin-eosin
using
plugins
ImageJ
1.53
program
(Find
Maxima,
Find
Foci).
Statistical
hypotheses
(nonparametric
tests)
tested
Statistica
8.0
software.
Results.
After
reperfusion,
pronounced
involution
large
zones
occurred
DG
groups
I,
II,
III
7–14
days,
group
IV
(ligation)
persisted
30
days.
Similar
dynamics
recorded
molecular
polymorphic
layer
DG,
but
values
integral
variable
chosen
assess
(the
total
intensity
peak
pixels)
different.
largest
relative
area
brightest
peaks
detected
bilateral
ОССА
(groups
II
III)
LCCA
(group
IV),
smallest
–
unilateral
I).
It
is
significant
that
mild
(20-
30-min
ОССА),
parameter
increased
only
1
3
then
decreased.
more
severe
(40-min
similar
overhydration
observed
1–7
With
LССА,
high
level
noted
throughout
observation
period,
as
evidenced
all
peaks.
Statistically
differences
found
when
comparing
periods,
between
14
periods
(ANOVA
Kruskal–Wallis
test;
Mann–Whitney
U-test).
Conclusion.
LССА
restoration
structures
sensory
input
hippocampus
occurs
together
long-term
preservation
signs
hyperhydration
neuropil,
perineuronal
perivascular
spaces
(legs
astrocytes).
extreme
degree
these
evidences
disruption
drainage-detoxification
function
astrocytes.
In
ОССА,
recommended
be
considered
condition
implementation
mechanisms
sanogenesis
nervous
tissue.
General Reanimatology,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
17(5), P. 111 - 128
Published: Oct. 23, 2021
The
aim
of
the
study
.
To
examine
changes
in
structure
and
morphometry
sensorimotor
cortical
edema
with
cell
swelling
mature
white
rats
after
common
carotid
artery
occlusion
various
durations.
Material
methods
Acute
ischemia
was
modeled
on
adult
Wistar
by
20-,
30-
40-min
arteries
(CCA).
Histological
(hematoxylin-eosin
Nissl
staining),
immunohistochemical
(NSE,
MAP-2,
GFAP)
morphometric
were
used.
Morphometry
assessed
hematoxylin
eosin-stained
specimens
using
ImageJ
1.53
plug-ins
(Find
Maxima,
Find
Foci).
Statistical
hypothesis
testing
(nonparametric
criteria)
performed
Statistica
8.0
software.
Results
In
cortex
(SMC)
20,
30
40
minutes
CCA
signs
cytotoxic
brain
appeared,
focal
destructive
adaptive
neurons
astroglia
evolved.
persisted
throughout
observation
period
(7
days).
increase
relative
area,
number
zones
their
hydration
(pixel
brightness)
significant.
On
days
1
3
occlusion,
some
SMC
astrocyte
processes
underwent
destruction.
Subpial
perivascular
suffered
to
a
greater
extent.
Mild
moderate
(after
unilateral
30-min
occlusion)
severe
bilateral
scattered
structural
functional
large
areas
clearing
«porous»
neuropil,
perineuronal
developed.
latter
associated
reduction
total
neuronal
density.
Conclusion
After
CCA,
cellular
appeared
amid
dystrophic
necrotic
pyramidal
activated
neuroglial
cells.
extent,
evident
three
CCA.