Antioxidants,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
10(5), P. 740 - 740
Published: May 7, 2021
The
development
of
Alzheimer’s
disease
(AD)
is
influenced
by
several
events,
among
which
the
dysregulation
cholesterol
metabolism
in
brain
plays
a
major
role.
Maintenance
homeostasis
essential
for
neuronal
functioning
and
development.
To
maintain
steady-state
level,
excess
converted
into
more
hydrophilic
metabolite
24-S-hydroxycholesterol
(24-OHC),
also
called
cerebrosterol,
neuron-specific
enzyme
CYP46A1.
A
growing
bulk
evidence
suggests
that
oxidation
products,
named
oxysterols,
are
link
connecting
altered
to
AD.
It
has
been
shown
levels
some
including
27-hydroxycholesterol,
7β-hydroxycholesterol
7-ketocholesterol,
significantly
increase
AD
brains
contributing
progression.
In
contrast,
24-OHC
decrease,
likely
due
loss.
Among
different
certainly
one
whose
role
most
controversial.
dominant
oxysterol
shows
it
represents
signaling
molecule
great
importance
function.
However,
numerous
studies
highlighted
potential
favoring
development,
since
promotes
neuroinflammation,
amyloid
β
(Aβ)
peptide
production,
oxidative
stress
cell
death.
parallel,
exert
beneficial
effects
against
progression,
such
as
preventing
tau
hyperphosphorylation
Aβ
production.
this
review
we
focus
on
current
knowledge
controversial
pathogenesis,
reporting
detailed
overview
findings
about
its
biological
samples
noxious
or
neuroprotective
brain.
Given
relevant
pathophysiology,
targeting
could
be
useful
prevention
slowing
down
Alzheimer s & Dementia,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
20(8), P. 5143 - 5169
Published: June 27, 2024
Abstract
The
National
Institute
on
Aging
and
the
Alzheimer's
Association
convened
three
separate
work
groups
in
2011
single
2012
2018
to
create
recommendations
for
diagnosis
characterization
of
disease
(AD).
present
document
updates
research
framework
response
several
recent
developments.
Defining
diseases
biologically,
rather
than
based
syndromic
presentation,
has
long
been
standard
many
areas
medicine
(e.g.,
oncology),
is
becoming
a
unifying
concept
common
all
neurodegenerative
diseases,
not
just
AD.
consistent
with
this
principle.
Our
intent
objective
criteria
staging
AD,
incorporating
advances
biomarkers,
serve
as
bridge
between
clinical
care.
These
are
intended
provide
step‐by‐step
practice
guidelines
workflow
or
specific
treatment
protocols,
but
general
principles
inform
AD
that
reflect
current
science.
Highlights
We
define
(AD)
be
biological
process
begins
appearance
neuropathologic
change
(ADNPC)
while
people
asymptomatic.
Progression
burden
leads
later
progression
symptoms.
Early‐changing
Core
1
biomarkers
(amyloid
positron
emission
tomography
[PET],
approved
cerebrospinal
fluid
accurate
plasma
[especially
phosphorylated
tau
217])
map
onto
either
amyloid
beta
tauopathy
pathway;
however,
these
presence
ADNPC
more
generally
(i.e.,
both
neuritic
plaques
tangles).
An
abnormal
biomarker
result
sufficient
establish
decision
making
throughout
continuum.
Later‐changing
2
(biofluid
PET)
can
prognostic
information,
when
abnormal,
will
increase
confidence
contributing
integrated
scheme
described
accommodates
fact
copathologies,
cognitive
reserve,
resistance
may
modify
relationships
stages.
Alzheimer s & Dementia,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
18(12), P. 2669 - 2686
Published: July 31, 2022
Abstract
Blood‐based
markers
(BBMs)
have
recently
shown
promise
to
revolutionize
the
diagnostic
and
prognostic
work‐up
of
Alzheimer's
disease
(AD),
as
well
improve
design
interventional
trials.
Here
we
discuss
in
detail
further
research
needed
be
performed
before
widespread
use
BBMs.
We
already
now
recommend
BBMs
(pre‐)screeners
identify
individuals
likely
AD
pathological
changes
for
inclusion
trials
evaluating
disease‐modifying
therapies,
provided
status
is
confirmed
with
positron
emission
tomography
(PET)
or
cerebrospinal
fluid
(CSF)
testing.
also
encourage
studying
longitudinal
BBM
ongoing
future
However,
should
not
yet
used
primary
endpoints
pivotal
Further,
cautiously
start
using
specialized
memory
clinics
part
patients
cognitive
symptoms
results
whenever
possible
CSF
PET.
Additional
data
are
stand‐alone
markers,
considering
care.
Translational Neurodegeneration,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
11(1)
Published: April 21, 2022
Alzheimer's
disease
(AD)
is
a
complex,
heterogeneous,
progressive
and
the
most
common
type
of
neurodegenerative
dementia.
The
prevalence
AD
expected
to
increase
as
population
ages,
placing
an
additional
burden
on
national
healthcare
systems.
There
large
need
for
new
diagnostic
tests
that
can
detect
at
early
stage
with
high
specificity
relatively
low
cost.
development
modern
analytical
tools
has
made
it
possible
determine
several
biomarkers
specificity,
including
pathogenic
proteins,
markers
synaptic
dysfunction,
inflammation
in
blood.
considerable
potential
using
microRNA
(miRNA)
AD,
studies
based
miRNA
panels
suggest
could
potentially
be
determined
accuracy
individual
patients.
Studies
retina
improved
methods
visualization
fundus
are
also
showing
promising
results
diagnosis
disease.
This
review
focuses
recent
developments
blood,
plasma,
ocular
AD.
Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
93(6), P. 651 - 658
Published: Jan. 25, 2022
This
longitudinal
study
compared
emerging
plasma
biomarkers
for
neurodegenerative
disease
between
controls,
patients
with
Alzheimer's
(AD),
Lewy
body
dementia
(LBD),
frontotemporal
(FTD)
and
progressive
supranuclear
palsy
(PSP).
Alzheimer s Research & Therapy,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
14(1)
Published: Dec. 27, 2022
Abstract
The
extracellular
buildup
of
amyloid
beta
(Aβ)
plaques
in
the
brain
is
a
hallmark
Alzheimer’s
disease
(AD).
Detection
Aβ
pathology
essential
for
AD
diagnosis
and
identifying
recruiting
research
participants
clinical
trials
evaluating
disease-modifying
therapies.
Currently,
diagnoses
are
usually
made
by
assessments,
although
detection
with
positron
emission
tomography
(PET)
scans
or
cerebrospinal
fluid
(CSF)
analysis
can
be
used
specialty
clinics.
These
measures
aggregation,
e.g.
plaques,
protofibrils,
oligomers,
medically
invasive
often
only
available
at
specialized
medical
centers
not
covered
insurance,
PET
costly.
Therefore,
major
goal
recent
years
has
been
to
identify
blood-based
biomarkers
that
accurately
detect
cost-effective,
minimally
procedures.
To
assess
performance
plasma
assays
predicting
burden
central
nervous
system
(CNS),
this
review
compares
twenty-one
different
manuscripts
measurements
42
40
amino
acid-long
(Aβ42
Aβ40)
predict
CNS
status.
Methodologies
quantitate
Aβ42
peptides
blood
via
immunoassay
immunoprecipitation-mass
spectrometry
(IP-MS)
were
considered,
their
ability
distinguish
amyloidosis
compared
CSF
as
reference
standards
was
evaluated.
Recent
studies
indicate
some
IP-MS
perform
well
precisely
measuring
detecting
aggregates.
