Clinical and Translational Medicine,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
10(8)
Published: Dec. 1, 2020
Exosomes
are
a
category
of
extracellular
vesicles
with
size
ranging
from
40
to
160
nm,
which
can
be
secreted
by
multiple
cells
in
the
tumor
microenvironment.
serve
as
communicators
regulating
biological
functions
and
pathological
processes,
including
drug
response.
Through
transporting
cargo
such
protein
or
nucleic
acid,
exosomes
modulate
sensitivity
via
mechanisms.
Additionally,
deployed
delivery
system
treat
cancer
due
their
high-efficient
loading
capacity
tolerable
toxicity.
Recent
studies
have
demonstrated
high
efficacy
therapy.
Herein,
we
conduct
this
review
summarize
mechanism
exosome-mediated
resistance
therapeutic
potential
cancer.
Molecular Cancer,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
21(1)
Published: Jan. 21, 2022
Antibodies
targeting
programmed
cell
death
protein-1
(PD-1)
or
its
ligand
PD-L1
rescue
T
cells
from
exhausted
status
and
revive
immune
response
against
cancer
cells.
Based
on
the
immense
success
in
clinical
trials,
ten
α-PD-1
(nivolumab,
pembrolizumab,
cemiplimab,
sintilimab,
camrelizumab,
toripalimab,
tislelizumab,
zimberelimab,
prolgolimab,
dostarlimab)
three
α-PD-L1
antibodies
(atezolizumab,
durvalumab,
avelumab)
have
been
approved
for
various
types
of
cancers.
Nevertheless,
low
rate
α-PD-1/PD-L1
therapy
remains
to
be
resolved.
For
most
patients,
PD-1/PD-L1
pathway
is
not
sole
speed-limiting
factor
antitumor
immunity,
it
insufficient
motivate
effective
by
blocking
axis.
It
has
validated
that
some
combination
therapies,
including
plus
chemotherapy,
radiotherapy,
angiogenesis
inhibitors,
targeted
therapy,
other
checkpoint
agonists
co-stimulatory
molecule,
stimulator
interferon
genes
agonists,
fecal
microbiota
transplantation,
epigenetic
modulators,
metabolic
superior
efficacies
higher
rates.
Moreover,
bifunctional
bispecific
containing
moiety
also
elicited
more
potent
activity.
These
strategies
simultaneously
boost
multiple
processes
cancer-immunity
cycle,
remove
immunosuppressive
brakes,
orchestrate
an
immunosupportive
tumor
microenvironment.
In
this
review,
we
summarized
synergistic
mechanisms
with
therapies.
focused
advances
α-PD-1/PD-L1-based
immunomodulatory
studies.
Given
heterogeneity
across
patients
types,
individualized
selection
could
improve
effects
relieve
treatment
resistance.
Journal of Hematology & Oncology,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
14(1)
Published: Jan. 7, 2021
Abstract
Programmed
death-ligand
1
(PD-L1)
on
cancer
cells
engages
with
programmed
cell
death-1
(PD-1)
immune
cells,
contributing
to
escape.
For
multiple
types,
the
PD-1/PD-L1
axis
is
major
speed-limiting
step
of
anti-cancer
response.
In
this
context,
blocking
could
restore
T
from
exhausted
status
and
eradicate
cells.
However,
only
a
subset
PD-L1
positive
patients
benefits
α-PD-1/PD-L1
therapies.
Actually,
expression
regulated
by
various
factors,
leading
diverse
significances
positivity.
Understanding
mechanisms
regulation
helpful
select
enhance
treatment
effect.
review,
we
focused
regulators
at
levels
transcription,
post-transcription,
post-translation.
Besides,
discussed
potential
applications
these
laboratory
findings
in
clinic.
Frontiers in Immunology,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
12
Published: May 27, 2021
The
tumor
microenvironment
(TME)
is
a
complex
and
ever-changing
“rogue
organ”
composed
of
its
own
blood
supply,
lymphatic
nervous
systems,
stroma,
immune
cells
extracellular
matrix
(ECM).
These
components,
utilizing
both
benign
malignant
cells,
nurture
the
harsh,
immunosuppressive
nutrient-deficient
environment
necessary
for
cell
growth,
proliferation
phenotypic
flexibility
variation.
An
important
aspect
TME
cellular
crosstalk
cell-to-ECM
communication.
This
interaction
induces
release
soluble
factors
responsible
evasion
ECM
remodeling,
which
further
contribute
to
therapy
resistance.
Other
aspects
are
presence
exosomes
contributed
by
circulating
deregulated
microRNAs
TME-specific
metabolic
patterns
potentiate
progression
and/or
resistance
therapy.
In
addition
biochemical
signaling,
specific
characteristics
such
as
hypoxic
environment,
derangements,
abnormal
mechanical
forces
have
been
implicated
in
development
treatment
this
review,
we
will
provide
an
overview
microenvironmental
composition,
structure,
features
that
influence
suppression
Molecular Cancer,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
22(1)
Published: March 21, 2023
Abstract
In
recent
years,
tumor
immunotherapy
has
made
significant
progress.
However,
immunotherapy,
particularly
immune
checkpoint
inhibitors
(e.g.,
PD-1/PD-L1
inhibitors),
benefits
only
a
tiny
proportion
of
patients
in
solid
cancers.
The
microenvironment
(TME)
acts
role
immunotherapy.
Studies
reported
that
tumor-associated
macrophages
(TAMs),
as
one
the
main
components
TME,
seriously
affected
therapeutic
effect
inhibitors.
this
review,
we
analyzed
TAMs
from
epigenetic
and
single-cell
perspectives
introduced
mechanisms
anti-programmed
death
protein
1(anti-PD-1)
therapy.
addition,
summarized
combination
regimens
enhance
efficacy
elaborated
on
different
Eventually,
clinical
value
by
influencing
was
discussed.
These
above
are
beneficial
to
elucidate
poor
tumors
point
view
explore
strategies
improve
its
objective
remission
rate
Frontiers in Immunology,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
13
Published: Feb. 28, 2022
Immunotherapy
has
become
a
key
therapeutic
strategy
in
the
treatment
of
many
cancers.
As
result,
research
efforts
have
been
aimed
at
understanding
mechanisms
resistance
to
immunotherapy
and
how
anti-tumor
immune
response
can
be
therapeutically
enhanced.
It
shown
that
tumor
cell
recognition
by
system
plays
role
effective
T
targeting
therapies
patients.
One
mechanism
which
cells
avoid
immunosurveillance
is
through
downregulation
Major
Histocompatibility
Complex
I
(MHC-I).
Downregulation
MHC-I
described
as
intrinsic
acquired
patients
with
cancer.
Depending
on
mechanism,
sometimes
restored
aid
immunity.
In
this
article,
we
will
review
current
its
impact
patients,
well
possible
strategies
for
upregulation
MHC-I.
Experimental Hematology and Oncology,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
12(1)
Published: Jan. 9, 2023
Abstract
Breast
cancer
heterogeneity
determines
progression,
treatment
effects,
and
prognosis.
However,
the
precise
mechanism
for
this
remains
unknown
owing
to
its
complexity.
Here,
we
summarize
origins
of
breast
influence
on
disease
recurrence,
therapeutic
resistance.
We
review
possible
mechanisms
research
methods
used
analyze
it.
also
highlight
importance
cell
interactions
heterogeneity,
which
can
be
further
categorized
into
cooperative
competitive
interactions.
Finally,
provide
new
insights
individual
treatments
based
heterogeneity.
Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
9(8), P. e002899 - e002899
Published: Aug. 1, 2021
It
is
now
well
accepted
that
many
tumors
undergo
a
process
of
clonal
selection
which
means
tumor
antigens
arising
at
various
stages
progression
are
likely
to
be
represented
in
just
subset
cells.
This
thought
driven
by
constant
immunosurveillance
applies
selective
pressure
eliminating
cells
expressing
recognized
T
becoming
increasingly
clear
the
same
may
also
select
for
evade
immune
detection
acquiring
deficiencies
their
human
leucocyte
antigen
(HLA)
presentation
pathways,
allowing
important
persist
within
undetected
system.
Deficiencies
pathway
can
arise
variety
mechanisms,
including
genetic
and
epigenetic
changes,
functional
hard
phenomenon
assess
using
our
standard
analytical
techniques.
Nevertheless,
it
have
profound
clinical
significance
could
define
whether
an
individual
patient
will
respond
particular
type
therapy
or
not.
In
this
review
we
consider
mechanisms
HLA
function
lost
disease,
implications
current
immunotherapy
approaches
checkpoint
inhibitors
examine
prognostic
impact
loss
demonstrated
trials
so
far.
Finally,
propose
strategies
might
explored
possible
stratification.
