A Clinical Primer on the Anatomy and Physiology of Neurofluids in the Human Brain

Neuroimaging Clinics of North America, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Jan. 1, 2025

Language: Английский

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Some comments on the morphometry of choroid plexus in neurodegenerative diseases

Neuropathology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Feb. 17, 2025

Several recent studies1, 2 have shown an increase in the volume of choroid plexus (CP) during Alzheimer's disease (AD), as well a link between CP and cognitive decline AD. In this light, study Murakami et al.3 is interesting, yet it deserves some comments. small intraventricular organ weighing total 3 g. It composed villi with vascular stroma delimited by unistratified epithelium resting on basement membrane. cells numerous enmeshed microvilli cilia at pole apical. The epithelial cell height (distance apical surface – part contact cerebrospinal fluid basal membrane) around 15 μm young people.4 From our experience electron microscopy, 24 h after death, are very damaged, for example, disappeared.5 al. carried out different measurements (area, long or short axis) optical microscopy sections (5 thick) found no significant difference depending pathology (control vs. AD, Parkinson's disease, dementia, multiple system atrophy). Conversely, they correlation age area size (p < 0.05). These results seem surprising because previous study5 semi-thin (1.5 thick), we differences two newborns (15.2 ± 3.6 μm), eight elderly subjects (13.7 2.6 10 patients suffering from AD (10.5 2.5 μm; p 0.001 controls). Unfortunately, did not opportunity to atrophy. Murakami's could be related technical problems and, more particularly, thickness 5 μm). Furthermore, according Shuangshosti,6 pseudo-stratified aspect artifact, which consider linked 1.5 μm. For these reasons, suggest continuing important using obtain precise measurements. authors contributed equally work. Data available upon request corresponding author.

Language: Английский

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Age-Related Differences in the Choroid Plexus Structural Integrity Are Associated with Changes in Cognition

medRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Feb. 28, 2025

The choroid plexus (CP) plays a critical role in maintaining central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis, producing cerebrospinal fluid, and regulating the entry of specific substances into CNS from blood. CP dysfunction has been implicated various neurological psychiatric disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's multiple sclerosis. This study investigates relationship between structural integrity cognitive decline normative aging, using advanced magnetic resonance imaging techniques, volume, diffusion tensor indices (mean diffusivity, MD, fractional anisotropy, FA) relaxometry metrics (longitudinal, T 1 , transverse, 2 relaxation times). Our results show that diminished microstructural integrity, as reflected by higher MD values, or lower FA is associated with performance processing speed fluency. Notably, measures demonstrated greater sensitivity to than macrostructural measures, i.e. volume. Longitudinal analysis revealed individuals reduced exhibit steeper over time. Furthermore, equation modeling latent variable representing predicts faster overall decline, an effect size comparable age. These findings highlight importance health suggest holistic approach assessing could serve sensitive biomarker for early detection decline. Further research needed elucidate mechanisms underlying explore potential therapeutic implications targeting function prevent treat age-related deficits.

Language: Английский

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Glymphatic Dysfunction as a Biomarker for Post-stroke Cognitive Impairment

Research Square (Research Square), Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: April 17, 2025

Ischemic stroke impacts glymphatic function, but its role in prognosis remains unclear. This study evaluated function 146 participants, including non-stroke (healthy controls, n = 48; nonvascular cognitive impairment patients, 47) and ischemic cohorts (n 51). The bilateral diffusion tensor imaging analysis along the perivascular space (DTI-ALPS) index, choroid plexus (CP), (PVS) volume ratio, which represent system, were compared across two between pre-rehabilitation (Time 1) 30 days post-rehabilitation 2). Post-stroke (PSCI) was characterized as enduring deficits persisting six months after a stroke. Stroke patients exhibited significantly lower DTI-ALPS index to population (P < 0.05), with improvement observed on infarct side following rehabilitation 0.05). of at Time 1 did not predict poor outcome correlated 6-month PSCI These results indicate that diminishes partially recovering post-rehabilitation, suggest could serve predictor for

Language: Английский

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Morphometry of choroid plexus epithelial cells in neurodegenerative diseases

Neuropathology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Nov. 27, 2024

The choroid plexus not only secretes the majority of cerebrospinal fluid but also controls circadian rhythm, which can be impaired in presence neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, many studies have reported contribution abnormalities to pathogenesis diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded blocks were obtained from lateral ventricles brains four subjects with AD, vascular dementia, Parkinson's disease, three multiple system atrophy, and five control patients unremarkable neuropathological findings. They sectioned routinely stained hematoxylin eosin. Morphological analysis epithelial cells 10 high‐power fields or a total area per case was conducted using digital images. There no significant changes any measurements: cell area, long short axes, ratio among groups. However, simple linear regression 20 showed that age significantly correlated axis, axis ratio. effects hypertension, diabetes mellitus, calcification stroma on measurements. These findings indicate associated size cells, whereas measurements present

Language: Английский

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Association of glymphatic system dysfunction with cognitive impairment in temporal lobe epilepsy

Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 16

Published: Oct. 18, 2024

Objectives To explore the relationship between glymphatic dysfunction and cognitive impairment in unilateral temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Methods This study retrospectively included 38 patients with TLE 26 age- gender-matched healthy controls (HCs). The diffusion tensor image analysis along perivascular space (DTI-ALPS) index, choroid plexus volume (CPV), assessment were obtained for each participant. Neuropsychological test batteries Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Minimum Mental State Examination, Arithmetic Test (AT), Digit Symbol Substitution (DSST), Span (DST), Boston Naming Test, Block design, Phonological Fluency (PFT), Semantic Verbal (SVF). Results Compared to HCs, had lower scores of MoCA, AT, DSST, DST, PFT SVF (all p &lt; 0.05) values mean DTI-ALPS index (1.491 ± 0.142 vs. 1.642 0.123, 0.001). Significantly observed ipsilateral hemisphere than contralateral (1.466 0.129 1.517 0.175, = 0.013) TLE. Correlation analyses found that performance was significantly or borderline associated function ( FDR-corrected 0.05 all 0.057 CPV) patients. Linear regression showed increased CPV decreased independent risk factors semantic fluency 0.05). Furthermore, mediation mediator role enlargement (indirect effect: β −0.182, 95%CI −0.486 −0.037). Conclusion These findings reveal important Decreased are impairment. may fully mediate CP performance. insights provide a radiological foundation further investigations into mechanism system pathophysiology.

Language: Английский

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The Relationship Between Reduced Hand Dexterity and Brain Structure Abnormality in Older Adults

Geriatrics, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 9(6), P. 165 - 165

Published: Dec. 17, 2024

Background: Hand dexterity is affected by normal aging and neuroinflammatory processes in the brain. Understanding relationship between hand brain structure neurotypical older adults may be informative about prodromal pathological processes, thus providing an opportunity for earlier diagnosis intervention to improve functional outcomes. Methods: this study investigates associations measures (≥65 years) using Nine-Hole Peg Test (9HPT) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Results: Elastic net regularized regression revealed that reduced dominant non-dominant hands was associated with enlarged volume of left choroid plexus, region implicated altered myelination myelin content frontal operculum, motor imagery, action production, higher-order functions. Distinct neural mechanisms underlying included differences caudate thalamic volumes as well cortical patterns frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital regions supporting sensorimotor visual processing integration, attentional control, eye movements. Although elastic identified more predictive features vs. hand, feature stability higher latter, indicating generalizability model. Conclusions: Our findings suggest 9HPT might a cost-effective screening tool early detection neurodegenerative processes. Longitudinal studies are needed validate our larger sample explore potential clinical marker.

Language: Английский

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The relationship between brain structure and reduced hand dexterity in older adults

medRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Nov. 12, 2024

ABSTRACT Hand dexterity is affected by normal aging and neuroinflammatory processes in the brain. Understanding relationship between hand brain structure neurotypical older adults may inform about prodromal pathological processes, thus providing an opportunity for earlier diagnosis intervention to improve functional outcomes. This study investigates associations measures (≥65 years) using Nine Hole Peg Test (9HPT) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Elastic net regularized regression revealed that reduced dominant non-dominant hands was associated with enlarged volume of left choroid plexus, region implicated altered myelination myelin content frontal operculum, motor imagery, action production, higher-order functions. Distinct neural mechanisms underlying included differences caudate thalamic volumes as well cortical patterns frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital regions supporting sensorimotor visual processing integration, attentional control, eye movements. Although elastic identified more predictive features vs. hand, feature stability higher latter, indicating generalizability model. Our findings suggest 9HPT serve a cost-effective screening tool early detection neurodegenerative processes. Longitudinal studies are needed validate our larger sample explore potential clinical marker.

Language: Английский

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Evidence for reduced choroid plexus volume in the aged brain

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Dec. 16, 2024

Abstract Background The choroid plexus plays an important role in brain homeostasis, including the active secretion of cerebrospinal fluid. Its function and structure have been reported to be affected by normal ageing. However, existing measures volume may complicated partial ( vivo MRI) tissue fixation artefacts (histology). In this study, we investigate possible changes within lateral ventricles aged mice utilising two structural MRI protocols explicitly designed for time-efficient, high-resolution imaging plexus. Methods Two sequences were utilised examine young (∼6 months) (∼24 mouse brains: 1) ultra-long echo-time T2 weighted fast-spin-echo 2) a multi-TE T2* mapping protocol. A test-retest study was performed on subset data reproducibility estimation. two-way ANOVA test determine differences groups across distinct protocols. Results Reproducibility tests showed low variability manual segmentation pipeline both statistically significant reduction found brain. This finding is concordant with previous histology studies that observed epithelial cell height ageing wide range species. Conclusions We present investigation ventricle approach based bespoke time-efficient high resolution Furthermore, these protocols, provide evidence research provides insight measurements as biomarker age-related neurologic conditions it indicates process itself does not result hypertrophy plexus, but decrease volume.

Language: Английский

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