Sex Differences in the Regulation of Interleukins in Chronic Pain: A Widely Recognized but Difficult-to-Tackle Factor DOI Open Access
Jie Liu, Zheng Li, Jie Ju

et al.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 26(8), P. 3835 - 3835

Published: April 18, 2025

Chronic pain is an extremely prevalent healthcare issue that has a profound impact on individuals and society. Sex sex hormones regulate the threshold differently in males females processing. However, regulatory mechanisms of differences response to painful stimuli are still unclear, which contributes difficulty analgesic drug development. Interleukins mediate neuroinflammation involved development chronic pain. Recent studies have found regulation thresholds by interleukins. Most previous used male animals study effects treatments due complexity estrogen. This review summarizes only female or both sexes examine interleukin-regulated pain, provide theoretical basis for more targeted precision medicines

Language: Английский

From pain to meningitis: bacteria hijack nociceptors to promote meningitis DOI Creative Commons
Huazhen Liu, Xingxing Kong, Yuqin Zeng

et al.

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 15

Published: Jan. 14, 2025

Bacterial meningitis is a severe and life-threatening infection of the central nervous system (CNS), primarily caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae Neisseria meningitidis. This condition carries high risk mortality neurological sequelae, such as cognitive impairment epilepsy. Pain, feature meningitis, results from activation nociceptor sensory neurons inflammatory mediators or bacterial toxins. These nociceptors, abundantly present in meninges, trigger neuroimmune signaling pathways that influence host immune response. However, mechanisms which bacteria hijack these nociceptors to promote CNS invasion exacerbate disease remain poorly understood. review examines interactions between meningeal focusing on their direct indirect via ion channels, transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 (TRPV1) ankyrin 1 (TRPA1), through release neuropeptides like calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). suppress defenses inhibiting macrophage activity neutrophil recruitment, thus facilitating survival CNS. Understanding this axis may open therapeutic targets for treating enhancing mitigating pain. Further research using advanced methodologies essential clarify role nociceptor-mediated modulation disease.

Language: Английский

Citations

0
Sex Differences in the Regulation of Interleukins in Chronic Pain: A Widely Recognized but Difficult-to-Tackle Factor DOI Open Access
Jie Liu, Zheng Li, Jie Ju

et al.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 26(8), P. 3835 - 3835

Published: April 18, 2025

Chronic pain is an extremely prevalent healthcare issue that has a profound impact on individuals and society. Sex sex hormones regulate the threshold differently in males females processing. However, regulatory mechanisms of differences response to painful stimuli are still unclear, which contributes difficulty analgesic drug development. Interleukins mediate neuroinflammation involved development chronic pain. Recent studies have found regulation thresholds by interleukins. Most previous used male animals study effects treatments due complexity estrogen. This review summarizes only female or both sexes examine interleukin-regulated pain, provide theoretical basis for more targeted precision medicines

Language: Английский

Citations

0