International environmental policy processes that dispossessed developing societies of public land resources: A case study of Nepal DOI Creative Commons
Bhubaneswor Dhakal, Kedar Adhikari,

Narendra Chand

et al.

GeoJournal, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 88(6), P. 5677 - 5719

Published: Oct. 4, 2023

Abstract Public lands including forests and community pastures are still crucial means of local livelihood, social security, environmental conservation in many developing countries Nepal. However, these resources increasingly managed primarily to offset greenhouse gas emissions developed countries. The new management has exacerbated problems: livelihood constriction, crises, human casualties (deaths serious injuries), biodiversity degradation, water scarcity cryosphere retreating. Drawing data from multiple sources, this study attempted explain the international political objectives processes that dispossessed societies public land for benefit It shows representatives were proactively strategically involved agenda formation, solutions negotiations, decision-making while policies, succeeded structure policies managing best their own provided funds experts, as strategic tools, through aid agencies implement interest institutionally weak In Nepal, influenced thinking decisions government other stakeholders a series measures. They propagandized false worked with coalition powerful agencies, offered free technical support, changed national manage achieving missions. Active involvement policy implementation also helped monitor hurdles apply tactics resolve them. Lucrative flash incentives motivate get support communities, stakeholders, politicians policies. Psychosocial pressures applied persuade communities leaders getting cooperation making practicing legal institutions (government authority rules or orders, user group rules, forest plans) bind control protection. obliged contribute labor cash developing, modifying, protecting forests. These two levels interventions led further development reinforcing institutions, resource conditions, social-ecological systems secured benefits deprived power control, produce access backyard years. This showed have respectively served institutional weapons vehicles materially colonize weaker countries, without using physical coercion deplyment military forces.

Language: Английский

High-resolution analyses of concentrations and sizes of refractory black carbon particles deposited in northwestern Greenland over the past 350 years – Part 2: Seasonal and temporal trends in refractory black carbon originated from fossil fuel combustion and biomass burning DOI Creative Commons
Kumiko Goto‐Azuma,

Yoshimi Ogawa‐Tsukagawa,

Kaori Fukuda

et al.

Atmospheric chemistry and physics, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 25(1), P. 657 - 683

Published: Jan. 17, 2025

Abstract. The roles and impacts of refractory black carbon (rBC), an important aerosol species affecting Earth's radiation budget, are not well understood owing to a lack accurate long-term observations. To study the temporal changes in rBC since pre-industrial period, we analyzed ice core drilled northwestern Greenland. Using improved technique for measurement continuous flow analysis (CFA) system, obtained high-temporal-resolution records particle size mass/number concentrations past 350 years. Number mass concentrations, which both started increase 1870s associated with inflow anthropogenically derived rBC, reached their maxima 1910s–1920s then subsequently decreased. Backward-trajectory analyses suggest that North America was likely dominant source region anthropogenic core. shifted annual concentration peaks from summer winter–early spring. After diminished levels, peak returned summer. We found particles were larger than biomass burning particles. By separating winter summer, reconstructed variations originated burning, including period large input. showed no trend until early 2000s. Finally, possible albedo reductions due discussed. Our new data provide key information validating climate models, thereby supporting projections future environment.

Language: Английский

Citations

0
Steady-state mixing state of black carbon aerosols from a particle-resolved model DOI Creative Commons
Zhouyang Zhang, Jiandong Wang, Jiaping Wang

et al.

Atmospheric chemistry and physics, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 25(3), P. 1869 - 1881

Published: Feb. 11, 2025

Abstract. Black carbon (BC) exerts a notable warming effect due to its strong light absorption, largely influenced by “mixing state”. However, computational constraints, the mixing state is challenging accurately represent in large-scale models. In this study, we employ particle-resolved model simulate evolution of BC based on field observation. Our result shows that aerosol compositions, coating thickness (CT) distribution, and optical properties aerosols all exhibit tendency toward steady with characteristic timescale less than 1 d, considerably shorter atmospheric lifetime. The rapid attainment suggests it reasonable disregard pre-steady-state period instead concentrate average across extensive spatial temporal scales. distribution CT follows an exponential linear can be characterized single slope parameter k. This independent core's distribution. simulation, mean CT, equivalent 1/k, 62 nm, which consistent statistical results indicating 63 nm. Utilizing k, effectively characterizes under steady-state simplifying assumption, absorption enhancement closely corresponds obtained via method. study simplifies description yields precise evaluation properties, has potential utility for modeling efforts refinement assessment BC's radiative effects.

Language: Английский

Citations

0
Radiative impact of record-breaking wildfires from integrated ground-based data DOI Creative Commons
Evgueni Kassianov, Connor Flynn,

James Barnard

et al.

Scientific Reports, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 15(1)

Published: March 10, 2025

Abstract The radiative effects of wildfires have been traditionally estimated by models using transfer calculations. Assessment model-predicted commonly involves information on observation-based aerosol optical properties. However, lack or incompleteness this for dense plumes generated intense reduces substantially the applicability assessment. Here we introduce a novel method that provides additional observational constraints such assessments widely available ground-based measurements shortwave and spectrally resolved irradiances depth (AOD) in visible near-infrared spectral ranges. We apply our to quantify impact record-breaking occurred Western US September 2020. For quantification use integrated data collected at Atmospheric Measurements Laboratory Richland, Washington, USA with location frequently downwind US. demonstrate remarkably these strongly reduced solar surface irradiance (up 70% 450 Wm -2 total flux) almost completely masked sun from view due extremely large AOD (above 10 500 nm wavelength). also plume-induced is comparable magnitude those produced violent volcano eruption 1980 continental cumuli.

Language: Английский

Citations

0
Study on black carbon concentrations and potential sources across DKI Jakarta during the wet season DOI Open Access

Khalisha Meliana Qatrunnada,

Hafidz Abdillah,

Puji Lestari

et al.

IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 1448(1), P. 012005 - 012005

Published: Feb. 1, 2025

Abstract Black carbon (BC), a component of PM 2.5 , is harmful air pollutant affecting human health and negatively impacting the climate by creating positive radiative forcing. Although monitoring BC has become important given its roles, continuous not yet common in DKI Jakarta. However, since October 2023, Clean Air Catalyst deployed Met One C-12 instruments to continuously monitor at five sites across The utilize two wavelengths measure equivalent concentration BC, namely 370 nm 880 1-minute resolution. utilization these for measurement serves identify sources emissions. Based on data collected through this monitoring, study aims current levels patterns as well determine contribution fossil fuel biomass combustion during wet season. from 2023 March 2024 indicates that average varied between 3.77 4.94 μg/m 3 with highest concentrations observed East Jakarta site (DKI4) lowest North (DKI2). When compared monthly, were October, ranging 5.11 6.44 . Source apportionment revealed (BC ff ) consistently contributing more total than burning bb ). During six months, (1.94-2.85 higher (1.53-2.32 Elevated night morning could be attributed rush hour traffic, heavy vehicles, stable atmospheric conditions, while high evening likely results domestic waste burning. These findings can used inform efforts aimed reducing emission sources. Additionally, utilized guide future research impacts climate.

Language: Английский

Citations

0
Inversion of the global carbonaceous aerosol components (CACs) based on ground-based remote sensing of AERONET DOI Creative Commons
Zhuolin Yang, Ying Zhang,

Yisong Xie

et al.

Environment International, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 109432 - 109432

Published: April 1, 2025

Language: Английский

Citations

0
The Measurement of Atmospheric Black Carbon: A Review DOI Creative Commons

Zhiqing Zhang,

Yuan Cheng, Linlin Liang

et al.

Toxics, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 11(12), P. 975 - 975

Published: Dec. 1, 2023

Black Carbon (BC), the second-largest contributor to global warming, has detrimental effects on human health and environment. However, accurate quantification of BC poses a significant challenge, impeding comprehensive assessment its impacts. Therefore, this paper aims critically review three quantitative methods for measuring BC: Thermal Optical Analysis (TOA), Method, Laser-Induced Incandescence (LII). The determination principles, available commercial instruments, sources deviation, correction approaches associated with these techniques are systematically discussed. By synthesizing comparing results reported in previous studies, elucidate underlying relationships fundamental disparities among Elemental (EC), Equivalent (eBC), Refractory (rBC). Finally, based current advancements quantification, recommendations proposed guide future research directions.

Language: Английский

Citations

10
Higher absorption enhancement of black carbon in summer shown by 2-year measurements at the high-altitude mountain site of Pic du Midi Observatory in the French Pyrenees DOI Creative Commons

Sarah Tinorua,

Cyrielle Denjean, Pierre Nabat

et al.

Atmospheric chemistry and physics, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 24(3), P. 1801 - 1824

Published: Feb. 8, 2024

Abstract. Black-carbon-containing particles strongly absorb light, causing substantial radiative heating of the atmosphere. The climate-relevant properties black carbon (BC) are poorly constrained in high-altitude mountain regions, where many complex interactions between BC, radiation, clouds and snow have important climate implications. This study presents 2-year measurements BC microphysical optical at Pic du Midi (PDM) research station, a observatory located 2877 m above sea level French Pyrenees. Among long-term monitoring sites world, PDM is subject to limited influence from planetary boundary layer (PBL), making it suitable site for characterizing free troposphere (FT). classification dominant aerosol type using spectral indicates that predominant absorption component controls variation single-scattering albedo (SSA) throughout 2 years. Single-particle soot photometer (SP2) refractory (rBC) show mean mass concentration (MrBC) 35 ng m−3 relatively constant rBC core mass-equivalent diameter about 180 nm, which typical values remote sites. Combining MrBC with situ measurements, cross-section (MACrBC) 9.2 ± 3.7 m2 g−1 λ=880 nm has been obtained, corresponds an enhancement (Eabs) ∼2.2 compared bare equal size distribution. A significant reduction ΔMrBC/ΔCO ratio when precipitation occurred along air transport suggests wet removal rBC. However we found process did not affect size, resulting unchanged Eabs. We observed large seasonal contrast higher Eabs summer than winter. In winter high diurnal variability (lower) middle day was linked injection originating PBL. On contrary, summer, showed no despite more frequent PBL conditions, implying fluctuations rather dominated by regional long-range FT. analysis, additional sources biomass burning leading increase pattern opposite maximum ∼2.9 midday. suggest this daily may result photochemical driving mixing state change emission sources. Such direct observations provide quantitative constraints both global models potential close gap model-predicted effects on radiation budget climate. results demonstrate sources, pathways, atmospheric dynamics chemical reactivity light BC.

Language: Английский

Citations

2
Impact of the changing climate on air pollution, heat stress and human health DOI
Sourangsu Chowdhury, Iulia Marginean, Ekta Chaudhary

et al.

Elsevier eBooks, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 331 - 359

Published: Jan. 1, 2024

Language: Английский

Citations

1
Measurement report: Intra-annual variability of black carbon and brown carbon and their interrelation with meteorological conditions over Gangtok, Sikkim DOI Creative Commons
Pramod Kumar,

Khushboo Sharma,

Ankita Malu

et al.

Atmospheric chemistry and physics, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 24(20), P. 11585 - 11601

Published: Oct. 16, 2024

Abstract. Black carbon (BC) and brown (BrC) both have a versatile nature, they an apparent role in climate variability changes. As anthropogenic activity is surging, BC BrC are also reportedly increasing. So, the monitoring of observations land use cover change (LULCC) at regional level necessary for changes various interconnected meteorological phenomena. The current study investigates BC, BrC, CO2, from fossil fuels (BCff), biomass burning (BCbb), LULCC their relationship to corresponding conditions over Gangtok Sikkim Himalayan region. concentration was found be highest during March 2022 (April 2021) 43.5 µg m−3 (32.0 m−3)​​​​​​​. Surface pressure exhibits significant positive correlation with BCff, BCbb, BrC. Higher surface results calmer more stable boundary layer, which effectively retains deposited contaminants. Conversely, wind appears facilitate dispersion pollutants, showing strong negative correlation. fact that all pollutants precipitation been shown behave similarly points moist scavenging pollutants. Despite dense cloud cover, it clear area not receiving convective precipitation, implying orographic occurring Most receives rain May September, indicating region has contributed Bay Bengal monsoon season. Furthermore, months lowest concentrations suggesting potential (as rainout scavenging) remove most

Language: Английский

Citations

1
Technical note: High-resolution analyses of concentrations and sizes of refractory black carbon particles deposited in northwestern Greenland over the past 350 years – Part 1: Continuous flow analysis of the SIGMA-D ice core using the wide-range Single-Particle Soot Photometer and a high-efficiency nebulizer DOI Creative Commons
Kumiko Goto‐Azuma, Rémi Dallmayr,

Yoshimi Ogawa‐Tsukagawa

et al.

Atmospheric chemistry and physics, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 24(22), P. 12985 - 13000

Published: Nov. 25, 2024

Abstract. Ice cores can provide long-term records of refractory black carbon (rBC), an important aerosol species closely linked to the climate and environment. However, previous studies ice only analyzed rBC particles with a diameter < 500 nm, which could have led underestimation mass concentrations. Information on size distribution is very limited, there are no Arctic core temporal variation in distribution. In this study, we applied recently developed improved technique analyze concentration drilled at SIGMA-D site northwestern Greenland. The technique, uses modified Single-Particle Soot Photometer (SP2) high-efficiency nebulizer, widens measurable range particle size. For high-resolution continuous analyses cores, flow analysis (CFA) system. Coupling measurement CFA system allows accurate measurements between 70 nm 4 µm, minimal losses. Using reconstructed distributions number concentrations during past 350 years. On basis distributions, assessed measured using conventional SP2s. period 2003–2013, average would been 12 %–31 % for core.

Language: Английский

Citations

1