Hypothalamic GHRH DOI Creative Commons
Carlos Diéguez, Miguel López, Felipe F. Casanueva

et al.

Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Feb. 6, 2025

Abstract Despite initial discovery in pancreatic tumors, GHRH is a 44-amino acid peptide primarily expressed the hypothalamus. Recent RNA sequencing clarifies expression: predominantly hypothalamic humans, with some basal ganglia presence, while extending to additional central nervous system (CNS) regions other species. binds its G-protein coupled receptor (GHRHR) arcuate (ARC), ventromedial (VMH), and periventricular (PeN) nuclei of hypothalamus exert effects. Notably, highest non-brain expression found somatotroph cells pituitary, directly targeting growth hormone (GH) production. primary regulator pulsatile GH secretion, counteracted by somatostatin. While early models proposed alternating GHRH/somatostatin bursts, others implicate somatostatin as pulse timing. These fail fully explain species gender differences, particularly regarding nutritional status. The ghrelin, acting via GHS-R1a on neurons, significantly advanced understanding regulation. Ghrelin interacts intricately GHRH, modulating neuronal activity. also exerts GHRH-independent stimulation synergizes GHRH. crucial role regulation demonstrated key involvement action regulators, such leptin, neuropeptide Y (NPY), orexins. However, these interactions have revealed that physiological effects extend far beyond canonical secretagogue. In this context, thought be sleep-wake cycle may involved whole-body energy homeostasis. objective review summarize current knowledge discuss potential pleiotropic effect neuropeptide, classical axis.

Language: Английский

Hypothalamic GHRH DOI Creative Commons
Carlos Diéguez, Miguel López, Felipe F. Casanueva

et al.

Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Feb. 6, 2025

Abstract Despite initial discovery in pancreatic tumors, GHRH is a 44-amino acid peptide primarily expressed the hypothalamus. Recent RNA sequencing clarifies expression: predominantly hypothalamic humans, with some basal ganglia presence, while extending to additional central nervous system (CNS) regions other species. binds its G-protein coupled receptor (GHRHR) arcuate (ARC), ventromedial (VMH), and periventricular (PeN) nuclei of hypothalamus exert effects. Notably, highest non-brain expression found somatotroph cells pituitary, directly targeting growth hormone (GH) production. primary regulator pulsatile GH secretion, counteracted by somatostatin. While early models proposed alternating GHRH/somatostatin bursts, others implicate somatostatin as pulse timing. These fail fully explain species gender differences, particularly regarding nutritional status. The ghrelin, acting via GHS-R1a on neurons, significantly advanced understanding regulation. Ghrelin interacts intricately GHRH, modulating neuronal activity. also exerts GHRH-independent stimulation synergizes GHRH. crucial role regulation demonstrated key involvement action regulators, such leptin, neuropeptide Y (NPY), orexins. However, these interactions have revealed that physiological effects extend far beyond canonical secretagogue. In this context, thought be sleep-wake cycle may involved whole-body energy homeostasis. objective review summarize current knowledge discuss potential pleiotropic effect neuropeptide, classical axis.

Language: Английский

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