Variable metabolic scaling breaks the law: from ‘Newtonian’ to ‘Darwinian’ approaches

Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 289(1985)

Published: Oct. 19, 2022

Life's size and tempo are intimately linked. The rate of metabolism varies with body mass in remarkably regular ways that can often be described by a simple power function, where the scaling exponent (b, slope log-linear plot) is typically less than 1. Traditional theory based on physical constraints has assumed b 2/3 or 3/4, following natural law, but hundreds studies have documented extensive, systematic variation b. This overwhelming, law-breaking, empirical evidence causing paradigm shift metabolic methodology from 'Newtonian' to 'Darwinian' approaches. A new wave focuses adaptable regulation evolution scaling, as influenced diverse intrinsic extrinsic factors, according multiple context-dependent mechanisms, within boundary limits set constraints.

Language: Английский

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Interactive effects of intrinsic and extrinsic factors on metabolic rate

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 379(1896)

Published: Jan. 8, 2024

Metabolism energizes all biological processes, and its tempo may importantly influence the ecological success evolutionary fitness of organisms. Therefore, understanding broad variation in metabolic rate that exists across living world is a fundamental challenge biology. To further development more reliable holistic picture causes this variation, we review several examples how various intrinsic (biological) extrinsic (environmental) factors (including body size, cell activity level, temperature, predation other diverse genetic, cellular, morphological, physiological, behavioural influences) can interactively affect synergistic or antagonistic ways. Most interactive effects have been documented involve temperature both, but future research reveal additional ‘hub factors’. Our highlights complex, intimate inter-relationships between physiology ecology, knowledge which shed light on problems both disciplines, including physiological adaptations, life histories, niches organism-environment interactions ecosystems. We also discuss theoretical practical implications provide suggestions for research, system analyses at hierarchical levels organization focus proximate (functional) ultimate (evolutionary) causal networks. This article part theme issue ‘The significance rates’.

Language: Английский

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How Metabolic Rate Relates to Cell Size

Biology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 11(8), P. 1106 - 1106

Published: July 25, 2022

Metabolic rate and its covariation with body mass vary substantially within among species in little understood ways. Here, I critically review explanations (and supporting data) concerning how cell size number their establishment by expansion multiplication may affect metabolic scaling mass. Cell growth size-specific rate, as well the vertical elevation (metabolic level) slope (exponent) of relationships. Mechanistic causes negative correlations between involve reduced resource supply and/or demand larger cells, related to decreased surface area per volume, intracellular resource-transport distances, lower costs ionic regulation, slower somatic growth, deposits metabolically inert materials some tissues. A cell-size perspective helps explain (but not all) variation body-mass thus should be included any multi-mechanistic theory attempting full diversity scaling. approach also help conceptually integrate studies biological regulation cellular metabolism those major transitions ontogenetic development associated shifts

Language: Английский

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Metabolic ecology in aquatic ecosystems: viewed from trophic compartments and communities in food webs

Biosystems, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 105401 - 105401

Published: Jan. 1, 2025

Language: Английский

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The Relevance of Time in Biological Scaling

Biology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 12(8), P. 1084 - 1084

Published: Aug. 3, 2023

Various phenotypic traits relate to the size of a living system in regular but often disproportionate (allometric) ways. These “biological scaling” relationships have been studied by biologists for over century, their causes remain hotly debated. Here, I focus on patterns and possible body-mass scaling rates/durations various biological processes life-history events, i.e., “pace life”. Many regarded rate metabolism or energy use as master driver life” its with body size. Although this “energy perspective” has provided valuable insight, here argue that “time may be equally even more important. evaluate major ways time relevant scaling, including (1) an independent “fourth dimension” dimensional analyses, (2) universal clock” synchronizes rates/durations, (3) method uses periods (allochrony) metrics, rather than measures physical (allometry), traditionally performed, (4) ultimate body-size-related constraint rates/timing processes/events is set inevitability death, (5) geological “deep time” approach viewing evolution patterns. previously proposed four-dimensional space-time views are problematic, novel approaches using allochronic analyses perspectives based size-related rates individual mortality species origination/extinction provide new insights.

Language: Английский

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Age-specific mortality predicts body-mass scaling of offspring mass and number

Evolutionary Ecology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 38(4), P. 513 - 535

Published: July 30, 2024

Why offspring size and number vary in diverse ways with adult body is little understood. In my comparative analysis of animal taxa, I show that age-specific mortality predicts the interspecific body-mass (BM) scaling (egg, embryo, or neonate) mass (OM) per clutch (CS) striking accuracy. Across six mean ratio juvenile to (mj/ma) explains 80% 88% variation BM slopes for OM CS, respectively. Animal taxa high parental care low mj/ma ratios tend exhibit steeper shallower CS than ratios. Even curvature logarithmic space can be predicted approximately by difference rates. The overall triangular pattern relation animals understood terms body-size dependent mj/ma, as well. These results are explained an 'age-specific hypothesis', which posits functions relative emphasis natural selection on versus fitness. Therefore, recommend future studies life-history traits should include estimates mortality. general, it becoming clear a perspective provide useful insight into many kinds biological ecological relationships.

Language: Английский

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Scaling species interactions: implications for community ecology and biological scaling theory

Academia Biology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 1(4)

Published: Nov. 23, 2023

Background: Various biological properties of organisms relate to body size, often in regular quantifiable ways.Traditionally, these scaling relationships have been explained terms internal physical constraints, but recently external ecological factors gained increasing attention.A major goal my review is expand a currently developing perspective (allometry) include species (biotic) interactions, with emphasis on predation, herbivory, and parasitism.Results: I evidence for two kinds interspecific body-size patterns: (1) negative predator richness range prey size (2) positive parasite/herbivore host size.I argue that patterns can provide new insights into the structure/function communities (including latitudinal trophic-level gradients biotic interactions) various at organism, population, community, ecosystem levels.I further exploration other interactions (e.g., competition, mutualism, commensalism, amensalism) would also be worthwhile.Conclusion: The findings this foundation "mortality theory ecology" comprehensive allometry embraces both factors, under development.Body-size has not only important implications development synthetic bridging community ecology scaling, practical applications understanding effects human exploitation climate change living systems.

Language: Английский

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Putting the energetic-savings hypothesis underground: fossoriality does not affect metabolic rates in amphibians

Evolutionary Ecology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 37(5), P. 761 - 777

Published: Aug. 9, 2023

Language: Английский

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THE TWO-SCALE FRACTAL DIMENSION: A UNIFYING PERSPECTIVE TO METABOLIC LAW

Fractals, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 32(01)

Published: Dec. 14, 2023

The laws governing life should be as simple possible; however, theoretical investigations into allometric have become increasingly complex, with the long-standing debate over scaling exponent in persisting. This paper re-examines same biological phenomenon using two different scales. On a macroscopic scale, cell surface appears smooth, but on smaller it exhibits fractal-like porous structure. To elaborate, few examples are given. Employing two-scale fractal theory, we theoretically predict and experimentally verify values for basal, active, maximal metabolic rates. concludes that Rubner’s 2/3 law Kleiber’s 3/4 facets of truth, manifested across scale approximations.

Language: Английский

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A quantitative genetics perspective on the body-mass scaling of metabolic rate

Journal of Experimental Biology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 225(Suppl_1)

Published: March 8, 2022

Widely observed allometric scaling (log-log slope<1) of metabolic rate (MR) with body mass (BM) in animals has been frequently explained using functional mechanisms, but rarely studied from the perspective multivariate quantitative genetics. This is unfortunate, given that additive genetic slope (bA) MR-BM relationship represents orientation 'line least resistance' along which MR and BM may most likely evolve. Here, we calculated bA eight species. Although values were within range exponents reported literature, uncertainty each estimate was large (only one significantly lower than 3/4 none different 2/3). Overall, weighted average for (0.667±0.098 95% CI) consistent frequent observation are negatively (b<1). positively correlated phenotypic exponent (bP) across sampled species, bP usually bA, as reflected a (non-significantly) (0.596±0.100). apparent discrepancy between resulted relatively shallow residuals [weighted residual (be)=0.503±0.128], suggesting regression dilution (owing to measurement error within-individual variance) causing downward bias bP. Our study shows how quantification informs us about potential constraints on evolution BM, by doing so bridge gap micro- macro-evolutionary studies allometry.

Language: Английский

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