The Role of the Immune System in the Course of Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis: The Current State of Knowledge

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 25(13), P. 6883 - 6883

Published: June 23, 2024

The process of thyroid autoimmunization develops against the background genetic predispositions associated with class II human leukocyte antigens (HLA-DR), as well cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22 (PTPN22), and forkhead transcription box P3 (FOXP3). Environmental factors, such vitamin D deficiency, Zn, Se, Mg, infections, chronic stress, pregnancy, smoking, alcohol, medications, intestinal dysbiosis, malnutrition, also play an important role. first stage involves accumulation macrophages dendritic cells, plasma cells. In second stage, mutual interactions individual cells in immune system lead to a decrease level CD8+ favor CD4+, which intensifies synthesis T lymphocyte derivatives, especially Th1, Th17, Tfh, Tc, reducing Treg. Consequently, number anti-inflammatory cytokines IL10 IL2 decreases, pro-inflammatory IL-2, Il-12, Il-17, IL-21, IL-22, IFN-γ, TNF-α increases. latter two trigger pyroptosis involving inflammasome. Activation inflammasome by IL-β IL-18 produced is one mechanisms course Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Gram-negative bacteria NLRC4. next step, apoptosis initiated intensification perforin, granzyme, proteoglycan Tc NK current findings raise many possibilities regarding interventions related inhibition stimulation both B lymphocytes. Furthermore, since there currently no effective method for treating autoimmunity, summary review may provide answers treatment not only but other autoimmune diseases autoimmunity.

Language: Английский

Stem Cell Therapy for Hashimoto's Disease - a Promising Treatment Method?

Quality in Sport, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 21, P. 53856 - 53856

Published: Aug. 23, 2024

Hashimoto's disease, an autoimmune disorder characterized by chronic inflammation and progressive destruction of the thyroid gland, leads to hypothyroidism a range metabolic disturbances. Conventional treatments primarily focus on hormone replacement therapy, which does not address underlying mechanisms. Stem cell therapy has emerged as potential revolutionary treatment for aiming regenerate tissue modulate immune response. This abstract explores stem in restoring function reducing activity. Preclinical studies using animal models vitro human have demonstrated promising results, showing that cells can reduce inflammation, promote regeneration, restore production. Early-phase clinical trials are underway assess safety efficacy mesenchymal (MSCs) other types patients with disease. Despite promise, challenges such rejection, ethical considerations, regulatory hurdles, cost must be addressed. Ongoing research technological advancements hold transform landscape offering hope improved outcomes quality life patients.

Language: Английский