Metabolic loads and the costs of metazoan reproduction

Science, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 384(6697), P. 763 - 767

Published: May 16, 2024

Reproduction includes two energy investments-the in the offspring and expended to make them. The former is well understood, whereas latter unquantified but often assumed be small. Without understanding both investments, true costs of reproduction are unknown. We present a framework for estimating total by combining data on content (direct costs) metabolic load bearing them (indirect costs). find that direct typically represent smaller fraction reproduction. Mammals pay highest reproductive (excluding lactation), ~90% which indirect. Ectotherms expend less overall, live-bearing ectotherms higher indirect compared with egg-layers. show demands exceed standard assumptions.

Language: Английский

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Temperature and nutrition do not interact to shape the evolution of metabolic rate

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 379(1896)

Published: Jan. 8, 2024

Metabolic cold adaptation, or Krogh's rule, is the controversial hypothesis that predicts a monotonically negative relationship between metabolic rate and environmental temperature for ectotherms living along thermal clines measured at common temperature. Macrophysiological patterns consistent with rule are not always evident in nature, experimentally evolved responses to have failed replicate such patterns. Hence, may be sole driver of observed variation rate. We tested temperature, as energy demand, interacts nutrition, supply, shape evolution produce pattern resembling rule. To do this, we lines Drosophila melanogaster 18, 25 28°C on control, low-calorie low-protein diets. Contrary our prediction, no effect alone interacting adult female male rates. Moreover, support was only females lower temperatures. We, therefore, hypothesize arises from consequences environment-specific life-history optimization, rather than because direct This article part theme issue ‘The evolutionary significance rates’.

Language: Английский

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How and Why Does Metabolism Scale with Body Mass?

Physiology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 38(6), P. 266 - 274

Published: Sept. 12, 2023

Most explanations for the relationship between body size and metabolism invoke physical constraints; such are evolutionarily inert, limiting their predictive capacity. Contemporary approaches to metabolic rate life history lack pluralism of foundational work. Here, we call reforging lost links optimization physiology.

Language: Английский

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Slow growth and high longevity characterize the common, large Arctic brittle star, Ophiopleura borealis

Frontiers in Marine Science, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 12

Published: March 31, 2025

The longevity (lifespan) and growth rates of a given species provide the basis for estimating its contributions to secondary production energy flow in an ecosystem, guiding management decisions, determining recovery times after disturbances. For brittle stars, class echinoderms that dominate megabenthos various marine systems due their often large populations, including those on Arctic soft bottom shelves, information can be estimated through bands ossicles (arm bones). Here, we maximum life span, age distribution, rate common, endemic star, Ophiopleura borealis , from northern Barents Sea. We counted trawl-caught specimens using scanning electron microscope images innermost arm 80 spanning known size range. These counts were corrected overgrowth earliest bands, parameters common models. appeared as alternating layers dense less lines stereom ossicle fossae. band count was 39, which infer reflecting years. This estimate is higher than most other studied polar species. Most individuals sampled population spanned ages 25-32 constant k estimates 0.09 Single logistic model 0.01 specialized van Bertalanffy indicate slow growth. combined long lifespan stars suggest stocks found regions may take substantial time period establish recover potential

Language: Английский

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The scaling of elemental stoichiometry and growth rate over the course of bamboo ontogeny

New Phytologist, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 241(3), P. 1088 - 1099

Published: Nov. 22, 2023

Summary Stoichiometric rules may explain the allometric scaling among biological traits and body size, a fundamental law of nature. However, testing elemental stoichiometry growth to size over course plant ontogeny is challenging. Here, we used fast‐growing bamboo species examine how concentrations contents carbon (C), nitrogen (N) phosphorus (P), relative rate ( G ), nutrient productivity scale with whole‐plant mass M ) at culm elongation maturation stages. The C content vs N P scaled isometrically, or as general 3/4 power function across both exponents (and P) in newly grown relationships whole stages decreased −1 function. These findings reveal previously undocumented generality stoichiometric allometries provide new insights for understanding origin ubiquitous quarter‐power laws biosphere.

Language: Английский

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Evidence for energy reallocation, not oxygen limitation, driving the deceleration in growth of adult fish

Journal of Experimental Biology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 226(13)

Published: June 19, 2023

The lifetime growth of almost all fishes follows a biphasic relationship - juvenile is rapid and adult subsequently decelerates. For trend that so ubiquitous, there no general agreement as to the underlying mechanisms causing decelerate. Ongoing theories argue slows because either gills fail supply body with surplus oxygen needed for continued somatic gain (i.e. limited), or sexual maturation induces switch in energy allocation towards reproduction away from limited). Here, we empirically tested these notions by tracking individual trajectories ∼100 female Galaxias maculatus, ranging size, during their first 3 months adulthood. At summer temperature 20°C, provided subsets fish additional (fed once versus twice day), supplementary (normoxia hyperoxia), combination two, assess whether could change trajectory growth. We found improved marginally energy, yet remained unaffected oxygen, thereby providing evidence role reallocation deceleration Interestingly, dietary had disproportionately larger effect on matured at greater revealing size-dependent variance acquisition and/or budgets temperatures. Overall, findings contribute understanding driving widespread declines size climate warming.

Language: Английский

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The Relevance of Time in Biological Scaling

Biology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 12(8), P. 1084 - 1084

Published: Aug. 3, 2023

Various phenotypic traits relate to the size of a living system in regular but often disproportionate (allometric) ways. These “biological scaling” relationships have been studied by biologists for over century, their causes remain hotly debated. Here, I focus on patterns and possible body-mass scaling rates/durations various biological processes life-history events, i.e., “pace life”. Many regarded rate metabolism or energy use as master driver life” its with body size. Although this “energy perspective” has provided valuable insight, here argue that “time may be equally even more important. evaluate major ways time relevant scaling, including (1) an independent “fourth dimension” dimensional analyses, (2) universal clock” synchronizes rates/durations, (3) method uses periods (allochrony) metrics, rather than measures physical (allometry), traditionally performed, (4) ultimate body-size-related constraint rates/timing processes/events is set inevitability death, (5) geological “deep time” approach viewing evolution patterns. previously proposed four-dimensional space-time views are problematic, novel approaches using allochronic analyses perspectives based size-related rates individual mortality species origination/extinction provide new insights.

Language: Английский

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Size‐dependence of food intake and mortality interact with temperature and seasonality to drive diversity in fish life histories

Evolutionary Applications, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 17(2)

Published: Feb. 1, 2024

Understanding how growth and reproduction will adapt to changing environmental conditions is a fundamental question in evolutionary ecology, but predicting the responses of specific taxa challenging. Analyses physiological effects climate change upon life history evolution rarely consider alternative hypothesized mechanisms, such as size-dependent foraging risk predation, simultaneously shaping optimal patterns. To test for interactions between these we embedded state-dependent energetic model an ecosystem size-spectrum ask whether prey availability (foraging) predation experienced by individual fish can explain observed diversity histories fishes. We found that asymptotic emerged from size-based reproductive mortality patterns context food web interactions. While more productive ecosystems led larger body sizes, temperature on metabolic costs had only small size. validate our model, ran it abiotic scenarios corresponding ecological lifestyles three tuna species, considering environments included seasonal variation temperature. successfully predicted realistic growth, reproduction, all species. individuals grew when varied seasonally, spawning was restricted part year (corresponding their migration temperate tropical waters). Growing advantageous because opportunities were seasonally constrained. This mechanism could gigantism tunas. Our approach addresses well processes offers promising understand life-history ocean conditions.

Language: Английский

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Evolution of Size‐Fecundity Relationship in Medaka Fish From Different Latitudes

Molecular Ecology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 33(23)

Published: Nov. 5, 2024

ABSTRACT In most fishes, the number of offspring increases with maternal body size. Although this size‐fecundity relationship often varies among species as a result coevolution life‐history traits, genetic basis such relationships remains unclear. We explored underlying in two small medaka species, Oryzias latipes and O. sakaizumii . Our findings showed that has higher fecundity than , quantitative trait locus analysis using interspecific F 2 hybrids chromosome 23 is linked to relationship. particular, genes igf1 lep‐b region are known be associated including somatic growth, gonad maturation, progeny numbers various taxa. Because distributed at latitudes shorter spawning season wild, we propose relatively high observed an adaptation latitudes. also discuss potential ecological ramifications evolution increased species.

Language: Английский

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Scaling species interactions: implications for community ecology and biological scaling theory

Academia Biology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 1(4)

Published: Nov. 23, 2023

Background: Various biological properties of organisms relate to body size, often in regular quantifiable ways.Traditionally, these scaling relationships have been explained terms internal physical constraints, but recently external ecological factors gained increasing attention.A major goal my review is expand a currently developing perspective (allometry) include species (biotic) interactions, with emphasis on predation, herbivory, and parasitism.Results: I evidence for two kinds interspecific body-size patterns: (1) negative predator richness range prey size (2) positive parasite/herbivore host size.I argue that patterns can provide new insights into the structure/function communities (including latitudinal trophic-level gradients biotic interactions) various at organism, population, community, ecosystem levels.I further exploration other interactions (e.g., competition, mutualism, commensalism, amensalism) would also be worthwhile.Conclusion: The findings this foundation "mortality theory ecology" comprehensive allometry embraces both factors, under development.Body-size has not only important implications development synthetic bridging community ecology scaling, practical applications understanding effects human exploitation climate change living systems.

Language: Английский

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