The impact of the built environment on health behaviours and disease transmission in social systems

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 373(1753), P. 20170245 - 20170245

Published: July 2, 2018

The environment plays an important role in disease dynamics and determining the health of individuals. Specifically, built has a large impact on prevention containment both chronic infectious humans non-human animals. effects can be direct, for example, by influencing environmental quality, or indirect behaviours that transmission health. Furthermore, these impacts happen at many scales, from individual to society, design plates we eat cities. In this paper, review ways affects disease. We bring examples human animal societies attempt identify parallels gaps between study animals capitalized advance scope perspective research each respective field. By consolidating literature, hope highlight importance structures complex impacting This article is part theme issue ‘Interdisciplinary approaches uncovering architecture collective behaviour’.

Language: Английский

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Targeting Tumor Associated Macrophages to Overcome Conventional Treatment Resistance in Glioblastoma

Frontiers in Pharmacology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 11

Published: April 8, 2020

Glioblastoma (GB) is the most common and devastating form of brain cancer. Despite conventional treatments, progression or recurrences are systematic. In recent years, immunotherapies have emerged as an effective treatment in a number cancers, leaving question their usefulness also faced with particular case tumors. The challenge here major not only because seat our consciousness but its isolation by blood-brain barrier presence unique micro-environment that constitutes central nervous system (CNS) very specific constituent patrolling cells. Much microenvironment made up immune cells inflammation. Among these, tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) significant interest they often involved facilitating tumor well development resistance to standard therapies. this review, ubiquity TAM WBG will first be discussed. Next, microglia resident addition, roles accomplices GB presented. Finally, clinical trials targeting means treating cancer

Language: Английский

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The Science of Animal Welfare

Oxford University Press eBooks, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Jan. 21, 2021

Abstract This book is intended as a guide for anyone who interested in animals and how their welfare can be assessed scientifically. It addresses the question of why, despite growing public interest are treated, it has proved so difficult to arrive at an agreed definition what ‘animal welfare’ then provides answer. A animal ‘health having they want’ easily understood by scientists non-scientists alike, expresses simple words underlies many existing definitions shows evidence we need collect improve practice. Above all, puts animal’s own point view heart assessment its welfare. The also helps us make sense long often confusing list measurements that now use, such ‘stress’ ‘feel-good hormones’, expressive sounds gestures, natural behaviour, cognitive bias stereotypies. Animal sentience (conscious feelings pleasure suffering) discussed context our current knowledge human consciousness. Finally, highlights some key ideas relationship between science ethics closely well-being humans linked together.

Language: Английский

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Differences in age-specific mortality between wild-caught and captive-born Asian elephants

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 9(1)

Published: July 27, 2018

Wild-capture of numerous species is common for diverse purposes, including medical experiments, conservation, veterinary interventions and research, but little objective data exists on its consequences. We use exceptional demographic records Asian elephants from timber camps in Myanmar to investigate the long-term consequences wild-capture during 1951-2000 their mortality (N = 5150). show that captured have increased compared captive-born elephants, regardless capture method. These detrimental effects are similar both sexes differ substantially according age. Elephants tamed at older ages a higher increase after than young. Moreover, risk following taming still perceived several years capture. Our results timely given continued other wild animals supplement captive populations despite alarming declines globally.

Language: Английский

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Action Recognition Using a Spatial-Temporal Network for Wild Felines

Animals, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 11(2), P. 485 - 485

Published: Feb. 12, 2021

Behavior analysis of wild felines has significance for the protection a grassland ecological environment. Compared with human action recognition, fewer researchers have focused on feline behavior analysis. This paper proposes novel two-stream architecture that incorporates spatial and temporal networks recognition. The portion outlines object region extracted by Mask region-based convolutional neural network (R-CNN) builds Tiny Visual Geometry Group (VGG) static VGG16, VGG can reduce number parameters avoid overfitting. part presents skeleton-based recognition model based bending angle fluctuation amplitude knee joints in video clip. Due to its features, effectively distinguish between different upright actions, such as standing, ambling, galloping, particularly when are occluded objects plants, fallen trees, so on. experimental results showed proposed outline targets captured images significantly improve performance due features.

Language: Английский

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Increasing cage complexity reduces abnormal behaviours in farmed blue foxes

Applied Animal Behaviour Science, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 106559 - 106559

Published: Feb. 1, 2025

Language: Английский

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Noninvasive Assessment of Stress and Reproduction in Captive Lions (Panthera leo) Using Fecal Hormone Analysis

Zoo Biology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Feb. 1, 2025

ABSTRACT Assessing steroid hormones through feces provides invaluable insight on the stress and reproductive physiology of wildlife, has been broadly applied to monitor health welfare wild animals managed under human care. This study utilized fecal hormone monitoring evaluate adrenal gonadal activity in 18 captive lions ( Panthera leo ) across five Spanish zoological institutions, focusing how biological management factors affect these metrics. We analyzed glucocorticoid metabolites (FGM) concentrations and, additionally females, progesterone (FPM), estradiol (FEM), androgen (FAM) relation their status. Results indicated significant variability FGM levels among individuals, with no consistent trends influenced by sex or zoo environment, including changes frequency providing environmental enrichment at two zoos. Importantly, status significantly impacted levels; ovariectomized lionesses showed lower FGM, FPM, FEM compared intact deslorelin‐implanted latter which exhibited higher more variable FAM levels. These findings advance our understanding patterns suggest implications for captivity.

Language: Английский

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RNAi technology for management of banana bunchy top disease

Food and Energy Security, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 9(4)

Published: Sept. 10, 2020

Abstract Banana bunchy top disease (BBTD) is one of the world's most destructive viral diseases banana and plantain, causing up to 100% yield loss in severe cases. The vectored by aphids ( Pentalonia nigronervosa ) carried long distances through movement infected plant materials. harboring virus (BBTV) present producing regions are sole vector efficient method transmitting healthy plants. Controlling spread BBTD has been very challenging since no known germplasm immune BBTV. can be managed with use virus‐free planting material roguing. However, once established field, it difficult eradicate or manage it. Therefore, a more sustainable way controlling developing host resistance against vector. Biotechnological strategies via RNA interference (RNAi) could used target aphid as well BBTV reduce virus‐associated losses which feed over 500 million people around world. This review discusses status perspectives on effective RNAi technologies for vector, aphid, management disease.

Language: Английский

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Intercomparison and uncertainty assessment of methods for estimating evapotranspiration using a high-resolution gridded weather dataset over Brazil

Theoretical and Applied Climatology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 146(1-2), P. 583 - 597

Published: Aug. 22, 2021

Language: Английский

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The welfare problems of wide-ranging Carnivora reflect naturally itinerant lifestyles

Royal Society Open Science, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 10(9)

Published: Sept. 1, 2023

Carnivora with naturally small home ranges readily adjust to the evolutionarily new environment of captivity, but wider-ranging species seem prone stress. Understanding why would advance both collection planning and enclosure design. We therefore investigated which aspects wide-ranging lifestyles are key. identified eight correlates range size (reflecting energetic needs, movement, intra-specific interactions, itinerant lifestyles). systematically assessed whether these predict welfare better than per se, using data on captive juvenile mortality (from 13 518 individuals across 42 species) stereotypic route-tracing (456 individuals, 27 species). Naturally (quantified via ratios daily annual travel distances) were found confer risk, predicting greater losses time-budgets. This finding advances our understanding evolutionary basis for problems in Carnivora, helping explain sedentary (e.g. American mink) may breed even intensive farm conditions, while others polar bears, giant pandas) can struggle modern zoos conservation breeding centres. involve decision-making, strategic shifts between locations, suggesting that supplying more novelty, cognitive challenge and/or opportunities control will be effective ways meet animals' needs captivity.

Language: Английский

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