The Emergence and Evolution of SARS-CoV-2

Annual Review of Virology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 11(1), P. 21 - 42

Published: April 18, 2024

The origin of SARS-CoV-2 has evoked heated debate and strong accusations, yet seemingly little resolution. I review the scientific evidence on its subsequent spread through human population. available data clearly point to a natural zoonotic emergence within, or closely linked to, Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market in Wuhan. There is no direct linking laboratory work conducted at Wuhan Institute Virology. global was characterized by gradual adaptation humans, with dual increases transmissibility virulence until Omicron variant. Of note been frequent transmission from humans other animals, marking it as strongly host generalist virus. Unless lessons are learned, inevitable that more events leading epidemics pandemics will plague populations.

Language: Английский

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Zoonotic and reverse zoonotic events of SARS-CoV-2 and their impact on global health

Emerging Microbes & Infections, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 9(1), P. 2222 - 2235

Published: Jan. 1, 2020

Coronaviruses (CoVs) are enveloped, positive sense, single-stranded RNA viruses. The viruses have adapted to infect a large number of animal species, ranging from bats camels. At present, seven CoVs humans, which Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for causing the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in humans. Since its emergence late 2019, SARS-CoV-2 has spread rapidly across globe. Healthcare systems around globe been stretched beyond their limits posing new challenges emergency healthcare services and critical care. outbreak continues jeopardize human health, social life economy. All known zoonotic origins. Recent detection pet, zoo certain farm animals highlighted potential reverse zoonosis. This scenario particularly alarming, since these could be reservoirs secondary infections. In this article, we highlight interspecies infections focus on virus. We also emphasize importance events One-Health One-World approach tackle such future pandemics.

Language: Английский

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Animal Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and the Welfare of Animals during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Animals, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 11(7), P. 2044 - 2044

Published: July 8, 2021

The accelerated pace of research into Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) necessitates periodic summaries current research. present paper reviews virus susceptibilities in species with frequent human contact, and factors that are best predictors susceptibility. Species reviewed were those contact humans through entertainment, pet, or agricultural trades, for whom reports (either anecdotal published) exist regarding the SARS-CoV-2 and/or resulting disease state COVID-19. Available literature was searched using an artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted engine, as well via common databases, such Web Science Medline. review focuses on susceptibility transmissibility SARS-CoV-2, polymorphisms transmembrane protease serine (TMPRSS2) angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE2) contribute to differences. Dogs pigs appear have low susceptibility, while ferrets, mink, some hamster species, cats, nonhuman primates (particularly Old World species) high Precautions may therefore be warranted interactions more selectivity practiced when choosing appropriate serve models

Language: Английский

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Heterologous immunity induced by 1st generation COVID-19 vaccines and its role in developing a pan-coronavirus vaccine

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 13

Published: Aug. 15, 2022

Severe acute respiratory syndrome virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative infectious agent of COVID-19 pandemic, has led to multiple (4-6) waves infections worldwide during past two years. The development vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 successful mass immunizations worldwide, mitigating mortality due pandemic a great extent. Yet evolution new variants highlights need develop universal vaccine which can prevent from all virulent SARS-CoV-2. Most current first generation are based on Spike protein original Wuhan-hu-1 virus strain. It is encouraging that they still protect serious illnesses, hospitalizations and number mutated viral strains, varying degrees. Understanding mechanisms by these provide heterologous protection highly reveal strategies vaccine. In addition, many unexposed individuals have been found harbor T cells cross-reactive antigens, with possible protective role. this review, we will discuss various aspects natural or vaccine-induced (cross-reactive) adaptive immunity other coronaviruses, their role in achieving concept pan-coronavirus

Language: Английский

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SARS-CoV-2 Outbreaks on Mink Farms—A Review of Current Knowledge on Virus Infection, Spread, Spillover, and Containment

Viruses, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 16(1), P. 81 - 81

Published: Jan. 4, 2024

Many studies have been conducted to explore outbreaks of SARS-CoV-2 in farmed mink and their intra-/inter-species spread spillover provide data the scientific community, protecting human animal health. Studies report anthropozoonotic introduction, which was initially documented April 2020 Netherlands, subsequent inter-/intra-species mink, likely due host tropism capable establishing efficient interactions with ACE2 hosts’ ability enhance swift viral transmission density, housing status, occupational contacts. Despite rigorous prevention control measures adopted, virus within between species efficient, resulting development mink-associated strains able jump back forth among hosts other animal/human Current knowledge recognizes as a highly susceptible harboring or without clinical manifestations, furthering infection hidden reservoir. A One Health approach is, thus, recommended surveillance monitoring on farms contact animals identify better understand these potential hosts.

Language: Английский

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Molecular determinants of cross-species transmission in emerging viral infections

Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 88(3)

Published: June 24, 2024

SUMMARY Several examples of high-impact cross-species transmission newly emerging or re-emerging bat-borne viruses, such as Sudan virus, Nipah and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, have occurred in the past decades. Recent advancements next-generation sequencing strengthened ongoing efforts to catalog global virome, particular from multitude different bat species. However, functional characterization these novel viruses virus sequences is typically limited with regard assessment their potential. Our understanding intricate interplay between host underlying successful has focused on basic mechanisms entry replication, well importance innate immune responses. In this review, we discuss various roles respective molecular using recent examples. To delineate crucial cellular steps transmission, propose a framework overall improve our capacity characterize benign, interest, concern.

Language: Английский

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Author Correction: Isolation of SARS-CoV-2-related coronavirus from Malayan pangolins

Nature, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 600(7887), P. E8 - E10

Published: Nov. 11, 2021

Language: Английский

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Identification of Corynebacterium ulcerans and Erysipelothrix sp. in Malayan pangolins—a potential threat to public health?

mSphere, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Sept. 30, 2024

ABSTRACT The discovery of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2-like and Middle East syndrome-coronavirus-like viruses in Malayan pangolins has raised concerns about their potential role the spread zoonotic diseases. Herein, we describe isolation whole-genome sequencing potentially two bacterial pathogens from diseased Malaysian ( Manis javanica )— Corynebacterium ulcerans Erysipelothrix sp. newly identified species were designated as C. P69 P66. exhibited 99.2% nucleotide identity to human isolate 4940, suggesting that it might have potential. Notably, lacked diphtheria toxin tox ) gene is widely used vaccines protect humans corynebacterial infection, which suggests current vaccine may be limited efficacy against this pangolin strain. also contains other known virulence-associated genes such pld exhibits resistance several antibiotics (erythromycin, clindamycin, penicillin G, gentamicin, tetracycline), affect its effective control. P66 was closely related strain 2-related strains, exhibiting 98.8% identity. This bacterium lethal mice, commercial failed challenge, could pose a threat swine industry. Overall, study highlights that, addition viruses, harbor bacteria domestic animals, merit attention. IMPORTANCE firstly reports presence bacteria, sp., collected 2019. mice resists many antibiotics. It clustered with but gene. Diphtheria around world infection corynebacteria. lack sister clade rhusiopathiae . challenge These findings emphasize bacteria.

Language: Английский

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Identification of Haemoproteus infection in an imported grey crowned crane (Balearica regulorum) in China

Parasitology Research, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 123(10)

Published: Oct. 1, 2024

Blood parasites from the order Haemosporida infect many vertebrates and cause malaria-like diseases. In this study, a haemosporidian infection was detected in sick grey crowned crane imported into China using combination of morphological molecular approaches. samples were collected jugular vein processed for identification infective stained blood smears microscopy. No merogony occurs cells, sporadic pigment granules observed. Nested-PCR assays employed examination, which indicated that cytb gene parasite had 94.1-94.9% identity to Haemoproteus antigonis. Subsequently, its mitochondrial genome structure determined by high-throughput sequencing DNBSEQ-T7 platform. The confirmed Sanger amplicons. obtained exhibited low CG content (32.0%) possessed three protein-coding genes, encoding 1068 amino acids, constituted 53.7% genome. Phylogenetic analysis clustered with sp. is cranes Africa. This likely acquired during importation animal; thus, strict quarantine ornamental animals required prevent entry new pathogens.

Language: Английский

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Serological evidence of sarbecovirus exposure along Sunda pangolin trafficking pathways

BMC Biology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 22(1)

Published: Nov. 26, 2024

Abstract Background Early in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, Sunda pangolins ( Manis javanica ) involved illegal wildlife trade mainland China were identified as hosts of severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronaviruses (SARSr-CoVs). Although it is unconfirmed whether or other traded served intermediate for syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2), trafficking presents a clear risk transmission viruses with zoonotic and epizootic potential regardless. We have investigated origins pangolin carcasses seized Hong Kong evaluated their exposure to SARSr-CoVs, coronaviruses, paramyxoviruses, aiming address gap our knowledge regard role maintenance emergence pathogens potential. Results Using combination virological forensics tools, we 89 by authorities during anti-smuggling operations territory conducted 2013 n = 1) 2018 88). Swabs, organ tissues, blood, body fluids collected post-mortem examination. Two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), which employ double-antigen sandwich format, used detect antibodies reactive against SARSr-CoVs. One individual was found be seropositive support from both methods, while five individuals exhibited putatively result one ELISA method. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) screening paramyxovirus ribonucleic acid (RNA) did not yield any positives. Based on genomic data, determined likely originated Java, populations Borneo, Singapore/Sumatra. Conclusions While evolution ecology SARS-CoV-2 uncertain, results suggest susceptibility occurring naturally associated these animals. Complex dynamics between natural populations, individuals, pathogen complicate conclusions about pangolins, well host species, SARSr-CoVs potentially future emergence.

Language: Английский

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