Haematological Manifestations of SARS-CoV-2: Insights into Erythropoiesis, Hepcidin Regulation, and Cytokine Storm

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 26(3), P. 874 - 874

Published: Jan. 21, 2025

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes COVID-19, a disease that can range in presentation from mild symptoms to severe conditions such as pneumonia and distress syndrome. SARS-CoV-2, single-stranded RNA virus, spreads through aerosols droplets. It enters human cells by binding the angiotensin-converting enzyme receptor, leading various complications, including significant alterations red blood potential disruptions haemoglobin function oxygen transport. During infection, interaction between hypoxia, inflammation, haematopoiesis affects erythropoiesis at multiple levels. Hypoxia resulting lung complications reduced cell count, influence regulation of hepcidin, key regulator iron levels blood. Elevated hepcidin are associated with hypoxia suppression erythroferrone, hormone normally inhibits production. Despite high patients intensive care units often exhibit elevated ferritin levels, which, rather than indicating low suggest disrupted metabolism development anaemia. Iron is kept stores, likely due paradoxically which explains measurements. An increase immature decrease CD71+ erythroid observed. The highlight their dual role modulating hyper-inflammation immune response during progression. This review examines pathway SARS-CoV-2 production haematopoietic system how it triggers cytokine storms interleukins, cells, cells. Understanding these processes provides novel pathways for managing haematological manifestations responses COVID-19.

Language: Английский

Peptide-specific natural killer cell receptors

Oxford Open Immunology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 6(1)

Published: Jan. 1, 2025

Abstract Class I and II human leukocyte antigens (HLA-I HLA-II) present peptide for immunosurveillance by T cells. HLA molecules also form ligands a plethora of innate, germline-encoded receptors. Many these receptors engage in sequence independent manner, with binding sites outside the groove. However, some receptors, typically expressed on natural killer (NK) cells, presented directly. Remarkably, display exquisite specificity sequences, capacity to detect sequences conserved pathogens. Here, we review evidence peptide-specific NK cell (PSNKRs) discuss their potential roles immunity.

Language: Английский

Structural Basis of SARS-CoV-2 Nsp13-Derived Peptide-Mediated NK Cell Activation

Biomacromolecules, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: May 7, 2025

As pivotal effectors of antiviral immunity, natural killer (NK) cells are crucial for controlling the spread COVID-19. The nonstructural protein 13 SARS-CoV-2 can encode a viral peptide (Nsp13232-240) preventing human leukocyte antigen E (HLA-E) from recognizing inhibitory receptor NKG2A, thereby activating NK cells. underlying molecular mechanisms Nsp13232-240 remain unclear. Therefore, we compared interaction discrepancy between self-peptide and Nsp13232-240, theoretically predicting its source. Results indicate that electrostatic energy provides main source binding, attenuation greatly promotes binding affinity differences. disrupts hydrogen bond network CD94 HLA-E, impacting hot-spot residues, including Q112CD94 E161HLA-E. Moreover, breaks salt bridges formed by K217NKG2A K199NKG2A with HLA-E. Conformational changes induced lead to diminished atomic contacts an unstable pattern. These findings provide novel insights into immunomodulatory role may inform future cell-mediated strategies targeting SARS-CoV-2.

Language: Английский