Imaging the eye as a window to brain health: frontier approaches and future directions DOI Creative Commons

Hasan U. Banna,

Mary Slayo, James A. Armitage

et al.

Journal of Neuroinflammation, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 21(1)

Published: Nov. 29, 2024

Recent years have seen significant advances in diagnostic testing of central nervous system (CNS) function and disease. However, there remain challenges developing a comprehensive suite non- or minimally invasive assays neural health disease progression. Due to the direct connection with CNS, structural changes retina, retinal vasculature morphological immune cells can occur parallel conditions brain. The retina also, uniquely, be assessed directly non-invasively. For these reasons, may prove an important "window" for revealing understanding brain In this review, we discuss gross anatomy eye, focusing on sensory non-sensory especially microglia, that lend themselves diagnosing by imaging retina. We include history ocular describe different approaches undertaken past outline current emerging technologies including autofluorescence imaging, Raman spectroscopy, artificial intelligence image analysis. These new show promising potential used as tool diagnosis disorders such Alzheimer's others assessment treatment success.

Language: Английский

GBM immunotherapy: Exploring molecular and clinical frontiers DOI
Mrinal K. Ghosh,

Sunny Kumar,

Sabana Begam

et al.

Life Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 356, P. 123018 - 123018

Published: Aug. 28, 2024

Language: Английский

Citations

4
Enteroviruses Activate Cellular Innate Immune Responses Prior to Adaptive Immunity and Tropism Contributes to Severe Viral Pathogenesis DOI Creative Commons
Jonathan Coffman

Microorganisms, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 13(4), P. 870 - 870

Published: April 10, 2025

Numerous innate immune mechanisms have been shown to be activated during viral infections, including pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) functioning outside and inside the cell along with other sensors promoting production of interferon cytokines. Innate cells, NK NKT γδ T dendritic macrophages, even neutrophils, respond infections. Several humoral responses infections also identified. Adaptive immunity includes common cell-mediated (CMI) responses. Th1, Th2, Tfh CD4+ help activate cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTLs) promote class switching antiviral antibodies. Enteroviruses were induce tropism virus that was mediated through attachment proteins (VAPs) cellular directly related risk severe disease in a primary infection. include immunity, its delay underscores importance vaccination ameliorating or preventing pathogenesis.

Language: Английский

Citations

0
Advances and controversies in meningeal biology DOI
Christer Betsholtz, Britta Engelhardt, Gou Young Koh

et al.

Nature Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Sept. 27, 2024

Language: Английский

Citations

3
Blocking cerebral lymphatic system reduces central and peripheral inflammatory response in ischemic stroke DOI
Lingfei Yang, Qingsheng Li,

Kaixin Wang

et al.

Brain Research, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 1831, P. 148825 - 148825

Published: Feb. 23, 2024

Language: Английский

Citations

2
Neuroprotective Effects and Therapeutic Potential of Dichloroacetate: Targeting Metabolic Disorders in Nervous System Diseases DOI Creative Commons
Yue Zhang, Meiyan Sun, Hongxiang Zhao

et al.

International Journal of Nanomedicine, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: Volume 18, P. 7559 - 7581

Published: Dec. 1, 2023

Dichloroacetate (DCA) is an investigational drug used to treat lactic acidosis and malignant tumours. It works by inhibiting pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase increasing the rate of glucose oxidation. Some studies have documented neuroprotective benefits DCA. By reviewing these studies, this paper shows that DCA has multiple pharmacological activities, including regulating metabolism, ameliorating oxidative stress, attenuating neuroinflammation, apoptosis, decreasing autophagy, protecting blood‒brain barrier, improving function endothelial progenitor cells, mitochondrial dynamics, amyloid β-protein. In addition, inhibits enzyme metabolizes it, which leads peripheral neurotoxicity due accumulation may be solved individualized delivery nanovesicle delivery. summary, in review, we analyse mechanisms neuroprotection different diseases discuss causes solutions its adverse effects.

Language: Английский

Citations

4
Reimagining the meninges from a neuroimmune perspective: a boundary, but not peripheral DOI Creative Commons
Xian Zhang, Liang Liu, Yan Chai

et al.

Journal of Neuroinflammation, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 21(1)

Published: Nov. 15, 2024

Recent advances in neuroscience have transformed our understanding of the meninges, layers surrounding central nervous system (CNS). Two key findings advanced understanding: researchers identified cranial bone marrow as a reservoir for meningeal immune cells, and rediscovered brain lymphatic system. Once viewed merely protective barrier, meninges are now recognized dynamic interface crucial neuroimmune interactions. This shift perspective highlights their unique role maintaining CNS balance, shaping development, regulating responses to injury disease. review synthesizes latest insights into anatomy function, with focus on newly structures such dural-associated lymphoid tissues (DALT) arachnoid cuff exit (ACE) points. We also examine diverse cell populations within interactions CNS, underscoring emerging view active participants immunity. Finally, we outline critical unanswered questions about immunity, proposing directions future research. By addressing these knowledge gaps, aim deepen meninges' health disease, potentially paving way novel therapeutic approaches.

Language: Английский

Citations

1
Mitigation of Atherosclerotic Vascular Damage and Cognitive Improvement Through Mesenchymal Stem Cells in an Alzheimer’s Disease Mouse Model DOI Open Access

Woong Jin Lee,

Kyoungjoo Cho, Gyung Whan Kim

et al.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 25(23), P. 13210 - 13210

Published: Dec. 9, 2024

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative condition characterized by progressive memory loss and other cognitive disturbances. Patients with AD can be vulnerable to vascular damage, damaged vessels lead impairment. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) treatment has shown potential in ameliorating pathogenesis, but its effect on function remains unclear. This study aimed improve alleviating atherosclerosis-induced vessel damage using MSCs mice genetic background. In this study, 5xFAD mouse model of was used, atherosclerotic induced high-fat diets (HFDs). were injected into the tail vein along mannitol an HFD. detected brain, improved following MSC treatment. Behavioral tests showed that enhanced function, as measured Y-maze passive avoidance tests. Additionally, muscle strength rotarod test also increased HFDs. Overall, our results suggest cells alleviate caused metabolic diseases, including HFDs, individuals carrying gene. Consequently, alleviates decline related dementia symptoms.

Language: Английский

Citations

1
Imaging the eye as a window to brain health: frontier approaches and future directions DOI Creative Commons

Hasan U. Banna,

Mary Slayo, James A. Armitage

et al.

Journal of Neuroinflammation, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 21(1)

Published: Nov. 29, 2024

Recent years have seen significant advances in diagnostic testing of central nervous system (CNS) function and disease. However, there remain challenges developing a comprehensive suite non- or minimally invasive assays neural health disease progression. Due to the direct connection with CNS, structural changes retina, retinal vasculature morphological immune cells can occur parallel conditions brain. The retina also, uniquely, be assessed directly non-invasively. For these reasons, may prove an important "window" for revealing understanding brain In this review, we discuss gross anatomy eye, focusing on sensory non-sensory especially microglia, that lend themselves diagnosing by imaging retina. We include history ocular describe different approaches undertaken past outline current emerging technologies including autofluorescence imaging, Raman spectroscopy, artificial intelligence image analysis. These new show promising potential used as tool diagnosis disorders such Alzheimer's others assessment treatment success.

Language: Английский

Citations

0