The relationship between cannabis and cardiovascular disease: clearing the haze

Nature Reviews Cardiology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Jan. 23, 2025

Language: Английский

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The adverse public health effects of non-medical cannabis legalisation in Canada and the USA

The Lancet Public Health, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 10(2), P. e148 - e159

Published: Feb. 1, 2025

SummaryCannabis consumption is legally prohibited in most countries the world. Several are legalising cannabis for adult consumption. It important to monitor public health effects of these policy changes. In this paper, we summarise evidence date on legalisation non-medical use Canada and USA. We describe regulatory models legalisation, changes products pricing, illicit market, use, cannabis-related physical mental harms. discuss challenges assessing outcomes emphasise importance continuous rigorous monitoring adverse inform design policies regulations.

Language: Английский

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How has non-medical cannabis legalization served the health and welfare of under-age (adolescent) youth in Canada?

The Lancet Regional Health - Americas, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 35, P. 100773 - 100773

Published: May 17, 2024

Cannabis is the most commonly used non-legal drug, especially among young people. In 2018, Canada implemented legalization of non-medical cannabis use and supply for adults.1Fischer B. Jutras-Aswad D. Hall W. Outcomes associated with nonmedical policy in Canada: taking stock at 5-year mark.CMAJ. 2023; 195: E1351-E1353Crossref PubMed Scopus (4) Google Scholar This reform was framed by multiple primary objectives, which included improved public health, safety youth protection, specifically pledging to "keep out hands youth". Under formal umbrella ('Cannabis Act'), may be legally accessed adults ages 19-and-up provinces (with Alberta [18 years] Quebec [21 exceptions).1Fischer While extensive prevention education campaigns have been launched, underage criminally charged possession small (>5 g) dried or equivalents. Underage (adolescent) are a distinctly important vulnerable group cannabis-related risks several reasons. First, Canadian rates traditionally high (e.g., 25–45% 16–17). Second, adolescents, beyond general substance use-related susceptibilities, well-documented elevated risk severe adverse cognitive, mental psycho-social) health outcomes from intensive frequent/high-potency) and/or long-term use.2Lorenzetti V. Hoch E. Adolescent use, cognition, brain educational outcomes: review evidence.Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2020; 36: 169-180Crossref (69) On this basis, it has questioned how well its implications would serve welfare youth, best design these essential good interests mind. More than 5-years following implementation Canada, select—while limited—empirical data document main adolescents socio-legal domains. For key examples, national Survey (CCS), prevalence (in past 12-months) 16–19 years increased 36% 2018 43% 2023.3Government CanadaCanadian 2023: summary results.https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/research-data/canadian-cannabis-survey-2023-summary.htmlDate: 2024Date accessed: April 7, 2024Google Somewhat differently, secondary students (grades 7–12) remained steady Student Tobacco, Alcohol Drugs (18% both 2018/19 & 2021/22 waves) provincial Ontario Drug Use Health (19% 2017 17% 2021), while however surveys indicating >30% grades 11 12.4Centre Addiction Mental (CAMH)The well-being - findings 2021 student drug survey.https://canadacommons.ca/artifacts/2369190/the-well-being/3390205/Date 16, Scholar,5Health CanadaThe Student, 2021-2022 results.https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/canadian-student-tobacco-alcohol-drugs-survey/2021-2022-summary.htmlDate Complementary indicate that initial (2018–2019), compared pre-legalization (2001–2017) 31% likelihood any 40% daily 98% dependence students.6Imtiaz S. Nigatu Y.T. Sanches M. et al.Effects legalisation on patterns consumption Ontario, (2001-2019).Drug Rev. 2024; 43: 764-774Crossref (0) Among under-age (<18 years) (<19 years), 20% increase-equivalent (2015–2019) emergency department visits involving disorder/poisoning, there were (moderate) increases psychosis, poisoning, withdrawal, harmful use) hospitalizations individuals (ages 15–24) Canada's four largest provinces, during legalization's 'commercialization' (2020–2021) (2015–2018) period.7Callaghan R.C. Vander Heiden J. Kish S.J. Impact disorders poisoning Alberta, 2015–2019.Drug 42: 1104-1113Crossref (3) Scholar,8Myran D.T. Gaudreault A. Konikoff L. Talarico R. Liccardo Pacula Changes cannabis-attributable Canada.JAMA Netw Open. 6e2336113https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.36113Crossref outcomes, CCS found adolescent users, 41% usually obtained their "legal purchases" legal store/website) "social sources" family/friends) almost none reporting (1%) "illegal" sourcing activities annual driving immediately (i.e. within 1 hour) (holding driver's license) majorly declined 19.9% 2001 6.8% 2019, no changes legalization.9Imtiaz Ali F. al.Cannabis under influence alcohol adult drivers (2001–2019).Drug Depend. 255: 111060https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2023.111060Crossref Police-enforced offenses (12–17 significantly decreased (from 32,000 2,508 male 8,971 558 female pre- post-legalization (2018–2021) periods.10Callaghan Hathaway Asbridge MacDonald police-reported criminal incidents 2015–2021.Drug : 109892https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2023.109892Crossref Yet, despite similar declines, (i.e., use-related) (adolescent males: 29,015/1603; females: 8377/367) as respective relative majorities enforced period.10Callaghan Despite supposed 'ban' advertisement two-thirds (63%) reported exposure advertisements promotions Half-a-decade into consequential 'normalization' environment cannabis, we observe mixed picture developments outcome indicators underage/adolescent Canada. comparably levels, selected hospitalizations), some risk-behaviors increased. With commercialization common, adolescents' practices shifted predominantly 'illegal' 'legal' (albeit so only adults) 'grey' 'social') sources. Cannabis-related enforcement markedly reduced; however, (possession) remain disproportionately against individuals, whom related consequences punishment, record-entries, stigma) particularly severe. The—widely promoted—objective effective access reduction particular age not achieved through legalization. The results generally those observed US-based settings.11Hammond C.J. Chaney Hendrickson Sharma P. U.S. era marijuana legalization: changing patterns, comorbidity, correlates.Int Rev Psychiatry. 32: 221-234Crossref (90) We infer overall evaluation impact arguably concern crucially depends variably increasing health-related problems weighted substantive benefit outcomes.11Hammond Also observations recent 'Cannabis Act', tangible need opportunity adjustments parameters towards better serving welfare.1Fischer Scholar,12Government CanadaLegislative Act. Final report expert panel.https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/publications/drugs-medication/legislative-review-cannabis-act-final-report-expert-panel.html#a1Date 25, Related efforts should include comprehensive evidence-based prevention) measures lower continuously (and high-risk) shielding them from—direct indirect—access products fallouts promotion/advertisement) commercialization. At same time, categorically recommend criminalization due excessive present contexts. These insights helpful also other jurisdictions contemplating development BF developed concept article; all authors collected interpreted study. led manuscript writing; DJA TR edited revised intellectual content. Dr. Fischer held research grants contracts areas funding government organizations public-only sources) last five years; temporarily employed Research Scientist (2021–2022). had received study materials (oral cannabidiol inhaled THC) publicly funded clinical trials examining behavioral, cognitive biological effects cannabinoids. He employed, owned stocks nor honoraria payments Cardiol Therapeutics Exka. Mrs. Robinson competing declare. Funding: acknowledges fellowship Max-Planck-Society, Germany. scientist career award Fonds de Recherche du Québec (FRQS). supported specific sponsor funder.

Language: Английский

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The ‘ban’ for public health that wasn't? Views and impressions on cannabis retail promotion/advertising realities amidst legalization policy in Canada

International Journal of Drug Policy, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 131, P. 104294 - 104294

Published: Jan. 24, 2024

Language: Английский

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Cannabis legalization: a call for the integration of main health and crime indicator domains towards comprehensive policy impact assessments

Journal of Public Health Policy, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Jan. 19, 2025

Language: Английский

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Cannabiskonsum und Cannabis-assoziierte psychische Störungen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen

Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 25(01), P. 50 - 57

Published: Feb. 1, 2025

Zusammenfassung Cannabis gehört zu den am häufigsten von Jugendlichen konsumierten Suchtmitteln. Vor dem Hintergrund der kürzlich in Deutschland erfolgten Cannabislegalisierung ist auch zukünftig einer hohen klinischen Relevanz bei Kindern und auszugehen. In dieser Übersichtsarbeit werden die Grundlagen Aspekte des Cannabiskonsums sowie damit verbundenen psychischen Störungen vorgestellt. Der Übergang vom Jugend- zum Erwachsenenalter geht mit neurobiologischen Prozessen einher, junge Cannabis-Konsumenten besonders anfällig für Entwicklung Abhängigkeit anderer psychischer machen. Diagnostik Therapie Cannabisabhängigkeit -missbrauch unter Berücksichtigung Besonderheiten minderjährigen Personen erörtert anhand Kasuistiken veranschaulicht.

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Cannabis and psychopathology: 2024 Snapshot of a meandering journey

Indian Journal of Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 67(3), P. 283 - 302

Published: March 1, 2025

Background: Cannabis has been associated with psychopathology since ancient times, but controversies continue despite important advances in the field. This article is fourth one our decadal series of review articles that have providing an update snapshot meandering journey research findings this area. Aims: narrative a comprehensive literature search over past 10 years aims to provide and current understanding, while raising unanswered questions for future, focusing on following areas: (a) nosological changes cannabis-related psychiatric syndromes; (b) newer category synthetic cannabinoids; (c) cannabis withdrawal syndrome); (d) psychosis; (e) mood disorders; (f) suicidality; (g) prenatal use offspring; (h) effect recent liberal policy overhaul control certain countries/areas adverse outcomes; (i) cognition; (j) cannabis, psychopathology, genetics. Methods: The data strategies involved combination electronic databases manual hand-searching relevant publications cross-references using selected terms. primary focused Medline PubMed Central extended such as Google Scholar, PsychINFO, Scopus, Ovid specific sections. Key references identified through searches provided additional material. Inclusion criteria spanned studies published between January 2014 June 2024, more emphasis placed (post-2020) ensuring historical coverage. Results: aimed be comprehensive, including broad range without strict methodological exclusions. Strengths limitations cited are discussed when applicable, maintaining consistency three prior reviews. We syndromes, human (rather than animal) studies, applied basic) research. only reference not entire area because would beyond scope article. There updates all areas covered. syndromal entities ICD-11, which also includes cannabinoids first time. syndrome better characterized. association psychosis robustly established especially very high-potency vulnerable populations, particularly young people. Work progress elucidating causal mechanisms. links disorders well suicidality cognitive impairment characterized, though remain. Recent liberalizing policies produced accidental (with deleterious effects offspring) later (mixed findings, documented increase emergency visits related use). will require active monitoring new data. Conclusion: field continues collect settle some old questions, address view wide worldwide its implications public health.

Language: Английский

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The intersection of cannabis use and oral health among 2SLGBTQI+ youth: a qualitative study protocol

BMC Oral Health, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 25(1)

Published: April 29, 2025

Two-Spirit, lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer or questioning, intersex, other sexual orientations and gender identities (2SLGBTQI+) youth face multiple social structural disparities barriers that contribute to a sense of mistrust in the provision healthcare services, including oral health. Cannabis use is also high among 2SLGBTQI+ individuals; however, unknowns exist regarding recreational its impact on Our research aims explore intersectionality youth, health, cannabis consumption. This qualitative study, guided by community-based participatory interpretative phenomenological approaches, will recruit consenting aged 19 older, accessing services at Youth Opportunities Unlimited London, Canada. Approximately 25 30 participants be recruited complete one-on-one in-depth interview focus group collect information their perception about relationships between Recognizing self-perceived pathways through which impacts health prompt development theories, raise awareness, support advocacy efforts for while providing valuable insights community providers large.

Language: Английский

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Exploring the role of primary regulation differences for cannabis legalization outcomes – preliminary data from two Canadian provinces

Drugs Education Prevention and Policy, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 1 - 7

Published: April 5, 2024

Background: Cannabis legalization policy is increasingly implemented to improve public health and safety outcomes, including in Canada (since 2018). Main outcome assessments have primarily focused on categorical (e.g. pre-/post-) reform effects, while differential regulation frameworks been less considered. For this, provides a rich ecology where provinces diversely define many parameters under the federal umbrella, with Alberta Quebec as respectively least most tightly regulated provincial units.Methods: Based basic, targeted search, we identified summarized key publicly available, cross-sectional indicator data for primary socio-legal post-legalization outcomes Quebec.Results: Data suggested substantial inter-provincial differences cannabis use among adults youth) legal sourcing levels, select use-related risks/harm cannabis-impaired driving, cannabis-related motor-vehicle-crashes). Other specific poisonings, home-cultivation) showed that may plausibly relate distinct frameworks.Discussion: While possible ecological or independent effects exist, exploratory suggest different regulatory influence legalization-related and/or outcomes. Related differentials should be systematically examined causal associations regulations towards informing evidence-based development.

Language: Английский

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Five Years After Cannabis Legalization, Is It Time to Ease Restrictions on Promotion?

PubMed, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 19(3), P. 21 - 28

Published: Feb. 1, 2024

In the spring of 2024, federal government is expected to report on its legislative review

Language: Английский

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