An evolutionary process that assembles phenotypes through space rather than through time

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Journal Year: 2011, Volume and Issue: 108(14), P. 5708 - 5711

Published: March 21, 2011

In classical evolutionary theory, traits evolve because they facilitate organismal survival and/or reproduction. We discuss a different type of mechanism that relies upon differential dispersal. Traits enhance rates dispersal inevitably accumulate at expanding range edges, and assortative mating between fast-dispersing individuals the invasion front results in an increase successive generations. This cumulative process (which we dub “spatial sorting”) generates novel phenotypes are adept rapid dispersal, irrespective how underlying genes affect organism's or its reproductive success. Although concept is not original with us, revolutionary implications for theory have been overlooked. A biological phenomena (e.g., acceleration fronts, insular flightlessness, preadaptation) may evolved via spatial sorting as well (or rather than) by natural selection, this warrants further study.

Language: Английский

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Contemporary evolution during invasion: evidence for differentiation, natural selection, and local adaptation

Molecular Ecology, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 24(9), P. 1999 - 2017

Published: April 20, 2015

Abstract Biological invasions are ‘natural’ experiments that can improve our understanding of contemporary evolution. We evaluate evidence for population differentiation, natural selection and adaptive evolution invading plants animals at two nested spatial scales: (i) among introduced populations (ii) between native genotypes. Evolution during invasion is frequently inferred, but rarely confirmed as adaptive. In common garden studies, quantitative trait differentiation only marginally lower (~3.5%) relative to populations, despite genetic bottlenecks shorter timescales (i.e. millennia vs. decades). However, genotypes from the range less clear confounded by nonrandom geographic sampling; simulations suggest this causes a high false‐positive discovery rate (>50%) in geographically structured populations. Selection differentials (¦s¦) stronger than species, although gradients (¦ β ¦) not, consistent with species experiencing weaker constraints. This could facilitate rapid adaptation, limited. For example, phenotypic often manifests geographical clines, demonstrate nonadaptive clines evolve colonization (~two‐thirds simulations). Additionally, Q ST ‐ F studies may misrepresent strength form acting invasion. Instead, classic approaches evolutionary ecology (e.g. analysis, reciprocal transplant, artificial selection) necessary determine frequency its influence on establishment, spread impact invasive species. These rare crucial managing biological context global change.

Language: Английский

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On the accumulation of deleterious mutations during range expansions

Molecular Ecology, Journal Year: 2013, Volume and Issue: 22(24), P. 5972 - 5982

Published: Oct. 8, 2013

Abstract We investigate the effect of spatial range expansions on evolution fitness when beneficial and deleterious mutations cosegregate. perform individual‐based simulations 1 D 2 complement them with analytical approximations for mean at edge expansion. find that accumulate steadily wave front during expansions, thus creating an expansion load . Reduced due to is not restricted front, but occurs over a large proportion newly colonized habitats. The can persist represent major fraction total mutation thousands generations after phenomenon may explain growing evidence populations have recently expanded, including humans, show excess mutations. To test predictions our model, we analyse functional genetic diversity in humans patterns are consistent model.

Language: Английский

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The harlequin ladybird, Harmonia axyridis: global perspectives on invasion history and ecology

Biological Invasions, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 18(4), P. 997 - 1044

Published: March 23, 2016

Language: Английский

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Global change, parasite transmission and disease control: lessons from ecology

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 372(1719), P. 20160088 - 20160088

Published: March 13, 2017

Parasitic infections are ubiquitous in wildlife, livestock and human populations, healthy ecosystems often parasite rich. Yet, their negative impacts can be extreme. Understanding how both anticipated cryptic changes a system might affect transmission at an individual, local global level is critical for sustainable control humans livestock. Here we highlight synthesize evidence regarding potential effects of ‘system changes’ (both climatic anthropogenic) on from wild host–parasite systems. Such information could inform more efficient programmes domestic animals or humans. Many examples diverse terrestrial aquatic natural systems show abiotic biotic factors affected by interact additively, multiplicatively antagonistically to influence transmission, including through altered habitat structure, biodiversity, host demographics evolution. Despite this, few studies managed explicitly consider these higher-order interactions, the subsequent evolution, which conceal exaggerate measured actions. We call integrated approach investigating dynamics, recognizes complexities makes use new technologies data capture monitoring, support robust predictions dynamics rapidly changing world. This article part themed issue ‘Opening black box: re-examining ecology evolution transmission’.

Language: Английский

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Expanding population edges: theories, traits, and trade‐offs

Global Change Biology, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 22(2), P. 494 - 512

Published: Oct. 1, 2015

Abstract Recent patterns of global change have highlighted the importance understanding dynamics and mechanisms species range shifts expansions. Unique demographic features, spatial processes, selective pressures can result in accumulation evolution distinctive phenotypic traits at leading edges We review characteristics expanding margins highlight possible for appearance differences between individuals edge core range. The development life history that increase dispersal or reproductive ability is predicted by theory supported with extensive empirical evidence. Many examples rapid are associated trade‐offs may influence persistence trait once expansion ends. Accounting effects phenotypes related could be critical predicting spread invasive population responses to climate change.

Language: Английский

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Evolutionarily accelerated invasions: the rate of dispersal evolves upwards during the range advance of cane toads

Journal of Evolutionary Biology, Journal Year: 2010, Volume and Issue: 23(12), P. 2595 - 2601

Published: Oct. 7, 2010

Abstract Human activities are changing habitats and climates causing species’ ranges to shift. Range expansion brings into play a set of powerful evolutionary forces at the expanding range edge that act increase dispersal rates. One likely consequence these is accelerating rates advance because evolved increases in on edge. In northern Australia, cane toads have increased their rate spread fivefold last 70 years. Our breeding trials with from populations spanning invasion history Australia suggest genetic basis interpopulation variation such Toads whose parents were front dispersed faster than core range. This difference reflects patterns found field‐collected mothers fathers points heritable variance traits accelerated toads’ across tropical over recent decades. Taken together demonstrated spatial assortment by ability occurring front, results point firmly ongoing evolution as driving force Australia.

Language: Английский

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Climate Change, Aboveground-Belowground Interactions, and Species' Range Shifts

Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics, Journal Year: 2012, Volume and Issue: 43(1), P. 365 - 383

Published: Sept. 14, 2012

Changes in climate, land use, fire incidence, and ecological connections all may contribute to current species' range shifts. Species shift individually, not species at the same time rate. This variation causes community reorganization both old new ranges. In terrestrial ecosystems, shifts alter aboveground-belowground interactions, influencing abundance, composition, ecosystem processes services, feedbacks within communities ecosystems. Thus, result no-analog where foundation genetics play unprecedented roles, possibly leading novel Long-distance dispersal can enhance disruption of interactions plants, herbivores, pathogens, symbiotic mutualists, decomposer organisms. These effects are most likely stronger for latitudinal than altitudinal Disrupted have influenced historical postglacial as well. Assisted migration without considering could risks such shift–induced invasions.

Language: Английский

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Genetics of dispersal

Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 93(1), P. 574 - 599

Published: Aug. 3, 2017

Dispersal is a process of central importance for the ecological and evolutionary dynamics populations communities, because its diverse consequences gene flow demography. It subject to change, which begs question, what genetic basis this potentially complex trait? To address we (i) review empirical literature on dispersal, (ii) explore how theoretical investigations evolution dispersal have represented genetics (iii) discuss influences predictions potential consequences. has detectable in many organisms, from bacteria plants animals. Generally, there evidence significant variation or dispersal-related phenotypes micro-evolution natural populations. typically outcome several interacting traits, complexity reflected architecture: while some genes moderate large effect can influence certain aspects traits are polygenic. Correlations among as well between other under selection common, be highly environment-dependent. By contrast, models historically considered simplified architecture dispersal. only recently that started consider multiple loci influencing non-additive effects such dominance epistasis, showing rates outcomes, especially non-equilibrium conditions. For example, number controlling projected during range shifts corresponding demographic impacts. Incorporating more realism thus necessary enable move beyond purely towards making useful current future environmental inform these advances, studies need answer outstanding questions concerning whether specific underlie variation, context-dependent behaviours, correlations traits.

Language: Английский

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Dispersal: a central and independent trait in life history

Oikos, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 126(4), P. 472 - 479

Published: Oct. 13, 2016

The study of tradeoffs among major life history components (age at maturity, lifespan and reproduction) allowed the development a quantitative framework to understand how environmental variation shapes patterns biodiversity within species. Because every environment is inherently spatially structured, in most cases temporally variable, individuals need move habitats maximize fitness. Dispersal often assumed be tightly integrated into histories through genetic correlations with other vital traits. This assumption particularly strong context fast‐slow continuum life‐history variation. Such date used explain many aspects population community dynamics. Evidence for consistent context‐independent integration dispersal is, however, weak. We therefore advocate explicit theory as principal axis influencing fitness, that free evolve, independently synthesize theoretical empirical evidence on central role its evolutionary dynamics spatial distribution ecological strategies impact spread, invasions coexistence. By applying an optimality we show inclusion independent dimension might substantially change our view trajectories structured environments. changes configuration affect costs movement dispersal, adaptations reduce these will increase phenotypic divergence populations. outline this heterogeneity anticipated further

Language: Английский

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