Spatio-temporal interactions facilitate large carnivore sympatry across a resource gradient

Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 284(1848), P. 20161860 - 20161860

Published: Feb. 8, 2017

Species within a guild vary their use of time, space and resources, thereby enabling sympatry. As intra-guild competition intensifies, such behavioural adaptations may become prominent. We assessed mechanisms facilitating sympatry among dhole ( Cuon alpinus ), leopard Panthera pardus ) tiger tigris in tropical forests India using camera-trap surveys. examined population-level temporal, spatial spatio-temporal segregation them across four reserves representing gradient carnivore prey densities. Temporal overlaps were higher at lower Combined overlap was minimal, possibly due to chance. found fine-scale avoidance behaviours one high-density reserve. Our results suggest that: (i) patterns spatial, temporal sympatric carnivores do not necessarily mirror each other; (ii) are likely adopt as alternative facilitate sympatry; (iii) show adaptability resource availability, driver inter-species competition. discuss that permit co-occupy rather than dominate functional niches, varying intensities shape structure dynamics guilds.

Language: Английский

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Spatial and temporal structure of a mesocarnivore guild in midwestern north America

Wildlife Monographs, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 191(1), P. 1 - 61

Published: April 27, 2015

Carnivore guilds play a vital role in ecological communities by cascading trophic effects, energy and nutrient transfer, stabilizing or destabilizing food webs. Consequently, the structure of carnivore can be critical to ecosystem patterns. Body size is crucial influence on intraguild interactions, because it affects access prey resources, effectiveness scramble competition, vulnerability predation. Coyotes (Canis latrans), bobcats (Lynx rufus), gray foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), raccoons (Procyon lotor), red (Vulpes vulpes), striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis) occur sympatrically throughout much North America overlap resource use, indicating potential for interspecific interactions. Although known about autecology individual species separately, little factors that facilitate coexistence how interactions within this guild distribution, habitat temporal activity smaller carnivores. To assess affect widespread guild, we conducted large-scale, non-invasive survey using an occupancy modeling framework. We deployed remote cameras during 3-week surveys detect carnivores at 1,118 camera locations 357 2.6-km2 sections (3–4 cameras/section composing cluster) 16 southernmost counties Illinois (16,058 km2) January–April, 2008–2010. characterized microhabitat each location landscape-level features cluster. In multistage approach, used information-theoretic methods evaluate competing models detection, species-specific occupancy, multispecies co-occupancy, multiseason (colonization extinction) dynamics. developed represent hypothesized effects anthropogenic features, availability, landscape complexity, vegetative land cover. quantified patterns based their frequency appearance photographs. Further, assessed whether shifted diel response presence competitors. Of 102,711 photographs endothermic animals, recorded (n = 412 photographs), coyotes 1,397), 546), 40,029), 149), 2,467). Bobcats were active primarily crepuscular periods, was reduced with precipitation higher temperatures. The probability detecting decreased after bobcat photograph recorded, suggesting avoidance first encounter. Across southern Illinois, camera-location camera-cluster scale ( 0.24 ± 0.04, cluster 0.75 0.06) negatively influenced infrastructure. had high rates colonization 0.86) low extinction 0.07), expanding population, but agricultural less likely colonized. Nearly all clusters occupied 0.95 0.03). At local scale, coyote 0.58 0.03) hardwood forest stands open understories than other areas. Compared coyotes, portion study area 0.13 0.01, 0.29 scales. cluster, fox highest fragmented areas proportions forest, positively related 100% home-range buffers. Red similar proportion as 0.12 0.02, 0.26 0.04) more closely associated features. Only feature made up 90% confidence set scales analysis foxes. Extinction probabilities both 0.57) 0.35) (gray 0.16, 0.06), may declining Illinois. Striped large 0.47 0.79 Raccoons essentially ubiquitous area, being photographed 99% clusters. observed evidence spatial partitioning exception fox-coyote pairs, found preferences important structuring community. Habitat stronger did bobcats. However, level correlated activity. Gray number detections sites not occupancy. Overall, fewer conifer trees. occupy if also present enhance coexistence. 2 appeared co-occur frequently expected selection habitat. Similarly, when present. These positive associations among canids locally abundance unmeasured variables. Activity levels raccoons, bobcats, correlated. our co- occurrence indicate competitor-driven adjustments space use members community might rather norm. Nevertheless, although results currently coexist distribution appears contracting area. Coexistence larger enhanced reduce For instance, contain trees enhances tree-climbing foxes, behavior probably facilitates coyotes. Efforts populations would benefit from increasing amount mature oak-hickory forest. Additionally, varying different analyses underscore importance considering multiple studies. © 2015 Wildlife Society. Los gremios de carnívoros desempeñan un papel en las comunidades ecológicas causando efectos tróficos cascada, afectando la transferencia energía y nutrientes, estabilizando o desestabilizando redes alimentarias. En consecuencia, estructura los puede ser crítica para patrones ecosistemas. El tamaño corporal tiene una influencia interacciones intragremio, ya que afecta el acceso recursos presa, eficacia competencia por explotación, vulnerabilidad depredación intragremio. linces zorros grises mapaches zorro zorrillos rayados ocurren simpatría gran parte América del Norte se solapan utilizan, lo indica potencial interespecíficas. Aunque sabe mucho sobre autoecología especies individuales separado, poco acerca factores facilitan coexistencia cómo dentro este gremio influencian distribución, uso hábitat, actividad más pequeños. Para evaluar autecología hábitat interespecíficas afectan carnívoro amplia realizamos muestreo no invasivo escala, utilizando marco modelos ocupación. Instalamos cámaras remotas muestreos 3 semanas detectar 1118 locaciones-cámara secciones 2.6 km2 / sección conformaron agrupación) condados al sur (16058 entre enero abril Caracterizamos microhábitat cada locación-cámara características nivel paisaje agrupación cámaras. Con enfoque etapas múltiples, utilizamos métodos teoría información competitivos detección, ocupación específicas, co-ocupación multi-especies, dinámicas multi-especies multi-estación (colonización extinción). Desarrollamos especie representar hipotéticos antropogénicas, disponibilidad presas, complejidad paisaje, cobertura vegetal. Cuantificamos carnívora función su frecuencia aparición fotografías. Además, evaluamos si pequeños cambian sus diaria respuesta presencia competidores potenciales. De 102711 fotografías animales endotérmicos, registramos fotografías), 1397), 40029), rojos 2467). estuvieron activos principalmente durante períodos crepusculares, redujo con precipitación altas temperaturas. La probabilidad disminuyó después registrar fotografía lince, sugiere evasión primer encuentro. todo escala (local fue influenciado negativamente antropogénicas e infraestructura. tuvieron tasas colonización (γ bajas extinción población expansión, pero terrenos agrícolas menor colonizados. Casi todas agrupaciones fueron ocupadas (cluster A local, mayor bosques madera dura sotobosque abierto otras áreas. comparación ocuparon porción pequeña zona estudio escalas. cámaras, gris alta áreas fragmentadas proporciones bosque, positivamente relacionada amortiguación rango hogar. proporción 0.04), estrechamente asociados antropogénicas. Solo representaron confianza escalas análisis rojos. Las probabilidades rojo γ ambas pueden estar disminuyendo asociaron esencialmente ubicuos área estudio, siendo fotografiados cámara. Observamos poca evidencia particionamiento espacial base interespecíficas, excepción pares gris-coyote, encontramos preferencias importantes estructuración comunidad carnívoros. tuvo linces. Sin embargo, correlacionó número detecciones sitios ocupados redujeron así general menos árboles coníferas. ocupar coníferas cuando también presentes, indicando mejorar convivencia gris-coyote. parecen co-ocurrir esperado selección hábitat. Del mismo modo, presentes. Estas asociaciones espaciales positivas cánidos abundancia presas variables medidas. niveles mapaches, correlacionaron positivamente. general, nuestros co-ocurrencia indican ajustes espacio miembros podrían norma. pesar resultados colorados actualmente coexisten distribución parece contrayéndose nuestra estudio. grandes incrementarse mediante reduzcan Por ejemplo, contener mejore escalada grises, comportamiento probablemente facilita Esfuerzos incrementar poblaciones beneficiarían aumento cantidad bosque roble-nogal maduro. variados diferentes subrayan importancia considerar múltiples estudios Les guildes jouent rôle dans l'écologie des communautés, particulier les cascade trophiques et transferts l'énergie éléments nutritifs peuvent à fois stabiliser déstabiliser réseaux trophiques. Par conséquent, peut être critique pour le fonctionnement écosystèmes. taille espèces une forte intraguildes car elle affecte l'accès aux ressources proies, l'efficacité compétition course vulnérabilité prédation intraguilde. lynx roux renards ratons laveurs mouffettes rayées sont sympatriques toute l'Amérique du Nord utilisent mêmes indiquant potentiel d'interactions interspécifiques. Malgré fait l'on connaisse bien chaque espèce séparément, sait peu choses facteurs qui facilitent leur l'influence au sein cette guilde l'utilisation l'habitat rythme d'activité petits Pour évaluer comment interspécifiques affectent répandue, nous avons mené enquête grande échelle cadre d'une modélisation d'occupation. Nous déployé pièges photographiques pendant semaines afin détecter emplacements 2,6 caméras/section composent comtés plus sud l'Illinois (16 058 janvier avril caractérisé emplacement niveau paysage Dans approche multi-étapes, utilisé méthodes d'information théorique modèles concurrents détection, l'occupation spécifique espèce, co-occupation multi-espèces dynamique temporelle d'occupation multi-saisons (colonisation extinction). développé représenter effets supposés caractéristiques anthropiques, disponibilité complexité couverture végétative terrestre. quantifié fonction fréquence d'apparition photographies. outre, évalué modifiaient leurs habitudes nycthémérales réponse présence compétiteurs potentiels. Sur 102 711 photographies d'animaux endothermes, identifié photographies), 40 029), 149) étaient principalement actifs périodes crépusculaires activité était réduite lors précipitations températures élevées. probabilité détection diminuée après qu'une photographie ait été prise, ce suggère évitement première rencontre. l'Illinois, l'échelle l'emplacement 0,24 0,04, 0,75 0,06) négativement influencée par infrastructures anthropiques. avaient taux colonisation élevés 0,86) d'extinction faibles 0,07), population expansion, mais terres agricoles moins susceptibles d'être colonisées. Presque tous occupés 0,95 0,03). À locale, 0,58 0,03) élevée forêts feuillus avec sous-étages ouverts d'autres habitats. Comparés occupaient petite partie zone d'étude 0,13 0,01, 0,29 toutes échelles. zones fragmentées élevées forêt positivement liée anthropiques d'un buffer territoire. similaire 0,12 0,02, 0,26 0,04), étroitement associés composés uniquement paramètres composaient groupe confiance échelles d'analyse roux. probabilités 0,57) 0,35) (renard 0,16, renard 0,06), ces deux déclin l'Illinois. 0,47 0,79 associées essentiellement omniprésents d'étude, étant photographiés obtenu preuves partitionnement basé interspécifiques, l'exception paires gris-coyote constaté préférences d'habitat structuration communauté L'influence celle lynx. Cependant, corrélé l'activité L'occupation nombre détections réduits pas général, conifères. d'occuper peuplements conifères également présents, améliorer semblent coexister locale fréquemment qu'attendu sélection individuelle l'habitat. même, d'emplacements lorsque présents. Ces spatiales positives canidés l'abondance proies localement ou non mesurées. niveaux laveurs, corrélés. l'ensemble, nos co-occurrence indiquent ajustements d'utilisation résultant plutôt norme. Néanmoins, résultats qu'actuellement coexistent semble contracter notre d'étude. grands améliorée temporel activités réduisent exemple, contenir arbres améliore capacité grimper, comportement facilite probablement efforts promouvoir pourraient bénéficier l'augmentation quantité chênes caryers matures. variabilité différentes d'analyses soulignent l'importance considérer plusieurs études communautés

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Cheetahs and wild dogs show contrasting patterns of suppression by lions

Journal of Animal Ecology, Journal Year: 2014, Volume and Issue: 83(6), P. 1418 - 1427

Published: April 11, 2014

Summary Top predators can dramatically suppress populations of smaller predators, with cascading effects throughout communities, and this pressure is often unquestioningly accepted as a constraint on mesopredator populations. In study, we reassess whether African lions cheetahs wild dogs examine possible mechanisms for coexistence between these species. Using long‐term records from Serengeti National Park, tested 30 years population data evidence suppression, examined six concurrent radio‐telemetry large‐scale spatial displacement. The lion nearly tripled 1966 1998; during time, declined but cheetah numbers remained largely unchanged. Prior to their local extinction, primarily occupied low density areas apparently abandoned the study area ‘saturated’ region. contrast, mostly utilized high density, stability indicates that neither levels lion‐inflicted mortality nor behavioural avoidance inflict sufficient demographic consequences translate into population‐level effects. Population fenced reserves in southern Africa revealed similar contrast ability coexist lions. These findings demonstrate differential responses subordinate species within same guild challenge widespread perception undermine conservation efforts. Paired several recent studies document fine‐scale lion‐avoidance by cheetahs, further highlights mechanism mitigating suppression.

Language: Английский

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Habitat and social factors shape individual decisions and emergent group structure during baboon collective movement

eLife, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 6

Published: Jan. 31, 2017

For group-living animals traveling through heterogeneous landscapes, collective movement can be influenced by both habitat structure and social interactions. Yet research in behavior has largely neglected influences on movement. Here we integrate simultaneous, high-resolution, tracking of wild baboons within a troop with 3-dimensional reconstruction their to identify key drivers baboon A previously unexplored influence – baboons’ preference for locations that other members have recently traversed is the most important predictor individual decisions. Habitat shown over multiple spatial scales, from long-range attraction repulsion troop’s sleeping site, relatively local including road-following short-range avoidance dense vegetation. Scaling level reveals clear association between features emergent group, highlighting importance heterogeneity shaping group coordination.

Language: Английский

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Human activity reduces niche partitioning among three widespread mesocarnivores

Oikos, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 127(6), P. 890 - 901

Published: Jan. 16, 2018

Anthropogenic disturbances can constrain the realized niche space of wildlife by inducing avoidance behaviors and altering community dynamics. Human activity might contribute to reduced partitioning carnivores that consume similar resources, both promoting tolerant species while also behavior (e.g. patterns). We investigated influence anthropogenic disturbance on habitat dietary breadth overlap among competing carnivores, explored if altered resource could be explained human‐induced shifts. To describe diets coyotes, bobcat, gray foxes, we designed a citizen science program collect carnivore scat samples in low‐ (‘wildland’) high‐ (‘interface’) human‐use open preserves, obtained diet estimates using DNA metabarcoding approach. Habitat use was determined at locations. found coyotes expanded interface whereas bobcats foxes narrowed measures. High human related increased all mesocarnivore pairs, coyote with small reduction between foxes. The strongest increase which smaller magnitude than their increase. Finally, scats were more likely contain nocturnal prey appeared reduce consumption prey. Our results suggest dominant generalist mesocarnivores may encroach subordinate areas high activity, patterns

Language: Английский

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Spatial and temporal avoidance of risk within a large carnivore guild

Ecology and Evolution, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 7(1), P. 189 - 199

Published: Dec. 16, 2016

Abstract Within a large carnivore guild, subordinate competitors (African wild dog, Lycaon pictus , and cheetah, Acinonyx jubatus ) might reduce the limiting effects of dominant (lion, Panthera leo spotted hyena, Crocuta crocuta by avoiding them in space, time, or through patterns prey selection. Understanding how these cope with one other can inform strategies for their conservation. We tested mechanisms niche partitioning promote coexistence quantifying selection use space time all members guild within Liuwa Plain National Park western Zambia. Lions hyenas specialized on wildebeest, whereas dogs cheetahs selected broader diets including smaller less abundant prey. Spatially, showed no detectable avoidance areas heavily used competitors, but avoided lions. Temporally, proportion kills lions did not detectably differ across four periods (day, crepuscular, early night, late night), especially concentrated windows that nighttime hunting hyenas. Our results provide new insight into conditions under which may allow species, African while it does cheetah. Because differences responses to be more prone competitive exclusion (local extirpation), particularly open, uniform ecosystems simple (often wildebeest dominated) communities, where spatial is difficult.

Language: Английский

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Human disturbance has contrasting effects on niche partitioning within carnivore communities

Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 95(6), P. 1689 - 1705

Published: July 14, 2020

ABSTRACT Among species, coexistence is driven partly by the partitioning of available resources. The mechanisms and competition among species have been a central topic within community ecology, with particular focus on mammalian carnivore research. However, despite growing concern regarding impact humans behaviour very little known about effect interactions. aim this review to establish comprehensive framework for impacts human disturbance three dimensions (spatial, temporal trophic) niche communities subsequent effects both intraguild structure. We conducted systematic literature (246 studies) extracted 46 reported disturbance. found evidence that resource partitioning, either positively or negatively, in all dimensions. repercussions such variations are highly heterogeneous differ according type how landscape and/or availability resources affected. propose theoretical main outcomes structure: ( i ) impedes increasing reducing richness diversity community; ii unbalances competition, affecting stability; iii facilitates decreasing enriching community. call better integration future research interspecific competition.

Language: Английский

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Nowhere to hide: pumas, black bears, and competition refuges

Behavioral Ecology, Journal Year: 2014, Volume and Issue: 26(1), P. 247 - 254

Published: Oct. 27, 2014

One hypothesis for how carnivores with overlapping ecology coexist in natural systems is through heterogeneous competition landscapes, which subordinates utilize "competition refuges" to mitigate risks associated dominant competitors. We tested the effects of American black bear ( Ursus americanus ) kleptoparasitism on puma Puma concolor foraging 2 North America. also whether partial prey consumption exhibited by pumas presence bears was better explained rules optimal or bears, and utilized spatial refuges over carcass remains. kill rates ungulates/wk were equivalent across study systems, but 48% greater season than no-bear season. Our analyses handling time did not support notion that followed patterns foraging. Rather, bears. Surprisingly, instead our results suggested they increase their compensate losses. linking high seasonal a top predator competitor provide strong evidence predation can only be understood within community framework. In particular, we propose future studies should differentiate between relative contributions predators competitors dynamics. Further, suggest kleptoparasites may indirectly impact populations predators.

Language: Английский

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Humans and urban development mediate the sympatry of competing carnivores

Urban Ecosystems, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 21(4), P. 765 - 778

Published: April 17, 2018

Language: Английский

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Impacts of people and tigers on leopard spatiotemporal activity patterns in a global biodiversity hotspot

Global Ecology and Conservation, Journal Year: 2014, Volume and Issue: 3, P. 149 - 162

Published: Nov. 26, 2014

Leopard population declines largely occur in areas where leopards and people frequently interact. Research on how respond to human presence competitors, like other predators, can provide important insights leopard ecology conservation human-dominated regions; however, such research is lacking. Here we used data from field cameras 2010 2011 examine presence, prey, tigers influence spatiotemporal activity patterns around Nepal's Chitwan National Park, part of a global biodiversity hotspot. We found that were adjusting their both people, but by different mechanisms. Leopards spatially avoided 2010, generally active at the same times day were. Despite pervasive foot vehicles had no significant effect detection space use, temporal was displaced those periods time with highest activity. Temporal displacement humans especially pronounced outside park, there much greater prevalence natural resource collection local people. Continuing evaluate interconnections among leopards, tigers, across land management regimes needed develop robust landscape-scale strategies.

Language: Английский

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