A Review of Fetal Development in Pregnancies with Maternal Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)‐ Associated Hypothalamic‐Pituitary‐Adrenal (HPA) Axis Dysregulation: Exploring Links to Pregestational Prediabetes DOI Open Access
Mathuli Ngema, Nombuso Xulu, Phikelelani Ngubane

et al.

Published: April 16, 2024

A growing body of research has identified fetal risk factors associated with adult diseases that form the basis for Developmental Origins Health and Disease (DOHaD) hypothesis. This theory proposes a critical developmental period during which fetus is highly susceptible to specific environmental influences significantly impact health from short long term. Maternal stress T2DM pregnancy are among these influences, likely leading overexposure glucocorticoids suggesting shared pathway between maternal dysregulated HPA axis insults. Studies demonstrate prenatal glucocorticoid exposure alters function, affecting brain tissue availability, growth in utero. These programmed changes, such as altered function reduced growth, contribute metabolic disorders persisting into adulthood. preceded by prediabetic state, often asymptomatic, shares similar pathophysiological complications T2DM, including dysregulation observed animals. Therefore, investigating prediabetes alongside its effects on outcomes crucial, areas remain understudied. review aims synthesize existing literature pre-existing pregnancy, links programming via possible pregestational prediabetes.

Language: Английский

A Review of Fetal Development in Pregnancies with Maternal Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)‐ Associated Hypothalamic‐Pituitary‐Adrenal (HPA) Axis Dysregulation: Exploring Links to Pregestational Prediabetes DOI Open Access
Mathuli Ngema, Nombuso Xulu, Phikelelani Ngubane

et al.

Published: April 16, 2024

A growing body of research has identified fetal risk factors associated with adult diseases that form the basis for Developmental Origins Health and Disease (DOHaD) hypothesis. This theory proposes a critical developmental period during which fetus is highly susceptible to specific environmental influences significantly impact health from short long term. Maternal stress T2DM pregnancy are among these influences, likely leading overexposure glucocorticoids suggesting shared pathway between maternal dysregulated HPA axis insults. Studies demonstrate prenatal glucocorticoid exposure alters function, affecting brain tissue availability, growth in utero. These programmed changes, such as altered function reduced growth, contribute metabolic disorders persisting into adulthood. preceded by prediabetic state, often asymptomatic, shares similar pathophysiological complications T2DM, including dysregulation observed animals. Therefore, investigating prediabetes alongside its effects on outcomes crucial, areas remain understudied. review aims synthesize existing literature pre-existing pregnancy, links programming via possible pregestational prediabetes.

Language: Английский

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