Island Biogeography

Oxford University Press eBooks, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: June 30, 2023

Abstract Island Biogeography: Geo-environmental Dynamics, Ecology, Evolution, Human Impact, and Conservation provides a synthetic review covering islands as model systems in the life sciences. It is centred on study of geographical distribution biodiversity how it changes through time, understood medium island biotas ecosystems. comprises four parts devoted turn to: environments; ecology; evolution; human impact conservation. describes origins dynamics different types key characteristics environments that shape their biotic characteristics. identifies theories ecology reviews progress towards evaluation development. sets out essential building blocks evolution emergent patterns insular endemism evolutionary syndromes animals plants. geo-environmental are crucial relevance to understanding developing improved explanatory predictive models ecological dynamics. application theory fragmented spread societies across world these subsequent colonization events environments, biotas, sustainability islands. evidence anthropogenic extinction islands, identifying drivers threats existing native species ecosystems, ways which may make particularly vulnerable certain external influences. considers distinctive conservation challenges solutions be effective

Language: Английский

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The anthropocene biogeography of alien birds on islands: Drivers of their functional and phylogenetic diversities

Ecology Letters, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 27(6)

Published: June 1, 2024

Abstract A branch of island biogeography has emerged to explain alien species diversity in the light biogeographic and anthropogenic context, yet overlooking functional phylogenetic facets. Evaluating native birds 407 oceanic islands worldwide, we built structural equation models assess direct indirect influence biotic, geographic, contexts on (FD) (PD). We found that taxonomic richness was main predictor both diversities. Anthropogenic factors, including colonization pressure, associated with classic biogeographical variables also strongly influenced FD PD. Specifically, habitat modification human connectivity markedly drove FD, especially when controlled by richness, whereas population size, gross domestic product, PD were crucial at explaining Our findings suggest humans not only shape but other facets a complex way.

Language: Английский

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Elevational and Oceanic Barriers Shape the Distribution, Dispersal and Diversity of Aotearoa's Kapokapowai (Uropetala) Dragonflies

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Nov. 26, 2024

Abstract Mountains and islands provide an opportunity for studying the biogeography of diversification population fragmentation. Aotearoa (New Zealand) is excellent location to investigate both phenomena due alpine emergence oceanic separation. While it would be expected that separation across elevation gradients are major barriers gene flow in animals, including aquatic insects, such hypotheses have not been thoroughly tested these taxa. Here, we show mountains function as semi-permeable Kapokapowai ( Uropetala ) dragonflies. Although Te Moana o Raukawa (Cook Strait), likely responsible some genetic structure observed, speciation has yet occurred populations separated by strait. We find no evidence they impervious barrier, but Kā Tiritiri-o-te-Moana (the Southern Alps) significantly restrict between named species. Our data support hypothesis active colonization ancestral Kapokapowai, followed a recolonization lowlands. These findings suggest insects could exciting new frontier study fragmentation landscape Aotearoa.

Language: Английский

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The human transformation of island ecosystems

Oxford University Press eBooks, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 347 - 368

Published: June 30, 2023

Abstract ‘The human transformation of island ecosystems’ documents the timing and impact colonization world’s islands. It distinguishes between palaeoinhabited islands (settled > 2 ka), neoinhabited islands, those first colonized during European age expansion (15th century onwards). describes great range in initial contact settlement dates within each major ocean basin. concept a prehistoric survival kit, package commensals, practices underpinning multiple successful events. notes that modern frequently induced dramatic changes to earlier peoples societies as well environments biotas, although was also typically impactful. provides accounts for Caribbean, Micronesia, Macaronesia, Polynesia (e.g. Rapa Nui/Easter Island), demonstrating subtle differences biotic homogenization brought about by different cultural waves have swept over

Language: Английский

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Island evolutionary syndromes in animals

Oxford University Press eBooks, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 259 - 282

Published: June 30, 2023

Abstract ‘Island evolutionary syndromes in animals’ describes and evaluates the emergent combinations physiognomic, reproductive, behavioural traits exhibited by island endemics for consistency across different regions. It highlights importance of rigorous checking to avoid confirmatory biases account differential colonization anthropogenic extinction. considers slowing-down syndrome, exemplified rodents lizards. reviews body-size rule (evolution larger sizes small-bodied species vice versa), mammals other vertebrates. such proposed additional as: flight loss insects birds, adjusted reproductive investment lizards defensive behaviour relaxation territoriality specific taxa, herbivory lizards, low-gear locomotion large herbivores, colouration song shifts role asexual reproduction As key drivers, it insular disharmony, reduction vertebrate predation, interspecific competition.

Language: Английский

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Island environments

Oxford University Press eBooks, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 39 - 56

Published: June 30, 2023

Abstract ‘Island environments’ examines variation in environmental properties of islands, highlighting the range distinctive classes island terms geology, topography, and climate, how they contrast with mainland environments. It discusses edaphic linked to their geological origins, noting importance marine atmospheric subsidies nutrient cycles. describes climate regimes zonation compression on high islands shows that position relation large-scale features currents, hurricane systems, are all key highlights continued volcanism mega-landslides for many islands. Quaternary change has impacted environments both directly through fluctuations sea level, sometimes slightly higher lengthy periods much lower levels than present. Finally, it briefly introduces theme anthropogenic

Language: Английский

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Meeting the conservation challenge

Oxford University Press eBooks, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 391 - 418

Published: June 30, 2023

Abstract ‘Meeting the conservation challenge’ outlines distinctive environmental and challenges facing islands their human societies. It illustrates this theme through consideration of climate change impacts on Maldives, sea-level increase, links to geopolitics in central western Pacific, phosphate mining Nauru, growth economies currently linked strongly tourism Canaries Galápagos. asks how societies should prioritize what features insular ecosystems conserve restore? describes evaluates some key science policy instruments for doing so, including responding (and sometimes eliminating) invasive non-native species, species translocations, reintroductions, rewilding. also reviews deployment protected area protection schemes, illustrated by Canaries. argues that island depends building societal support it closes with 10 suggested priorities remote systems.

Language: Английский

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Island macroecology

Oxford University Press eBooks, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 93 - 130

Published: June 30, 2023

Abstract ‘Island macroecology’ reviews the emergent statistical properties of island biotas. It depicts MacArthur and Wilson’s 1967 equilibrium theory biogeography, describing how area isolation control rates immigration, extinction, cladogenesis. applies these ideas to understanding species–area relationships (ISARs). ISAR form is reviewed, highlighting a range models varying complexity, but concluding that power model remains best general form. parameters fits are shown vary in relation archipelago configuration, climate, environmental properties, biological such as chorotype taxon. Rarity species described via variation abundance distribution size/occupancy relationships. Turnover assessed sources error, with characteristics, natural extinction drivers. concludes review evidence for dynamic at levels.

Language: Английский

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Island evolutionary syndromes in—and involving—plants

Oxford University Press eBooks, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 283 - 308

Published: June 30, 2023

Abstract ‘Island evolutionary syndromes in—and involving—plants’ identifies similarities and differences in the proposed emergent insular traits for plants comparison with those identified island endemic animals. It reviews evidence secondary woodiness, loss of dispersibility, size changes, modified defensive traits, reduced fire resilience, tufted-leaved growth form, trends towards self-compatibility (Baker’s law), sexual dimorphism directional shifts both floral pollination mechanisms, prevalence role polyploidy, mycorrhizal symbionts plants. also putative involving plant–animal interactions, including trait generalism within networks, involvement reptiles plant dispersal, development double mutualisms. notes that there are slightly fewer definitive systematic comparative than animals, although uncertainty persists taxa.

Language: Английский

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Island types, origins, and dynamics

Oxford University Press eBooks, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 17 - 38

Published: June 30, 2023

Abstract ‘Island types, origins, and dynamics’ focuses on how islands emerge develop as platforms for life. It introduces the classic subdivision into oceanic islands, continental fragments, shelf reviews more recent geological subdivisions of categories island. highlights distinctions between island geodynamics linked to divergent, convergent, transverse plate boundaries, those associated with various intraplate settings. These dynamics are also shown be biogeographical debates about disjunct distributions. A general ontogeny is described hotspot origin involving steep, high, active volcanos, giving way complex dissected terrain, followed by decline erode and/or subside. The processes origin, development, eventual disappearance illustrated specific reference Macaronesia (including Canary Islands), Hawaii, Caribbean. characteristics origins coralline reefs, atolls, guyots described.

Language: Английский

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