Phylogenies and Community Ecology

Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, Journal Year: 2002, Volume and Issue: 33(1), P. 475 - 505

Published: Nov. 1, 2002

▪ Abstract As better phylogenetic hypotheses become available for many groups of organisms, studies in community ecology can be informed by knowledge the evolutionary relationships among coexisting species. We note three primary approaches to integrating information into organization: 1. examining structure assemblages, 2. exploring basis niche structure, and 3. adding a context trait evolution biogeography. recognize common pattern conservatism ecological character highlight challenges using phylogenies partial lineages. also review emergent properties communities: species diversity, relative abundance distributions, range sizes. Methodological advances supertree construction, reconstruction, null models assembly evolution, metrics underlie recent progress these areas. potential ecologists benefit from suggest several avenues future research.

Language: Английский

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Global patterns in biodiversity

Nature, Journal Year: 2000, Volume and Issue: 405(6783), P. 220 - 227

Published: May 1, 2000

Language: Английский

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Competition and Biodiversity in Spatially Structured Habitats

Ecology, Journal Year: 1994, Volume and Issue: 75(1), P. 2 - 16

Published: Jan. 1, 1994

All organisms, especially terrestrial plants and other sessile species, interact mainly with their neighbors, but neighborhoods can differ in composition because of dispersal mortality. There is increasingly strong evidence that the spatial structure created by these forces profoundly influences dynamics, composition, biodiversity communities. Nonspatial models predict no more consumer species coexist at equilibrium than there are limiting resources. In contrast, a similar model includes neighborhood competition random among sites predicts stable coexistence potentially unlimited number on single resource. Coexistence occurs sufficiently high rates persist not occupied superior competitors. requires similarity two—way or three—way interspecific trade—offs competitive ability, colonization longevity. This hypothesis seems to explain numerous plant compete for resource grasslands Cedar Creek Natural History Area. It provides testable, alternative explanation diversity communities, such as tropical forests. The be tested (1) determining if coexisting have requisite colonization, competition, longevity, (2) addition propagules determine local abundances limited dispersal, (3) comparisons effects propagule ability.

Language: Английский

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On the Generality of the Latitudinal Diversity Gradient

The American Naturalist, Journal Year: 2004, Volume and Issue: 163(2), P. 192 - 211

Published: Feb. 1, 2004

The decline of biodiversity with latitude has received great attention, but both the concise pattern and causes gradient are under strong debate. Most studies latitudinal comprise only one or few organism types often restricted to certain region habitat types. To test for significant variation in between organisms, habitats, regions, a meta‐analysis was conducted on nearly 600 gradients assembled from literature. Each characterized by two effect sizes, strength (correlation coefficient) slope, additionally 14 variables describing regions. analysis corroborated high generality diversity decline. Gradients regional scales were significantly stronger steeper than local scales, slopes also varied sampling grain. Both slope increased body mass, trophic level. mass–effect size relation ecto‐ versus homeotherm organisms different dispersal types, suggesting allometric effects energy use ability as possible mechanisms mass effect. Latitudinal weaker less steep freshwater marine terrestrial environments differed continents parameters not affected hemisphere range covered. This is first describe these general patterns, which have important consequences models aiming explain gradient.

Language: Английский

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Landscape moderation of biodiversity patterns and processes ‐ eight hypotheses

Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, Journal Year: 2012, Volume and Issue: 87(3), P. 661 - 685

Published: Jan. 24, 2012

Understanding how landscape characteristics affect biodiversity patterns and ecological processes at local scales is critical for mitigating effects of global environmental change. In this review, we use knowledge gained from human‐modified landscapes to suggest eight hypotheses, which hope will encourage more systematic research on the role composition configuration in determining structure communities, ecosystem functioning services. We organize hypotheses under four overarching themes. Section A: ‘landscape moderation patterns' includes (1) species pool hypothesis—the size landscape‐wide moderates (alpha) biodiversity, (2) dominance beta diversity hypothesis—landscape‐moderated dissimilarity communities determines overrides negative habitat fragmentation biodiversity. B: population dynamics' (3) cross‐habitat spillover energy, resources organisms across habitats, including between managed natural ecosystems, influences community associated (4) landscape‐moderated concentration dilution hypothesis—spatial temporal changes can cause transient or populations with functional consequences. C: trait selection’ (5) selection hypothesis—landscape shapes trajectory assembly, (6) insurance complexity provides spatial insurance, i.e. high resilience stability changing environments. D: constraints conservation management' (7) intermediate landscape‐complexity effectiveness management highest structurally simple, rather than cleared (i.e. extremely simplified) complex landscapes, (8) versus service optimize related services not protect endangered species. Shifting our focus be developing solutions future management.

Language: Английский

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Spatial prediction of species distribution: an interface between ecological theory and statistical modelling

Ecological Modelling, Journal Year: 2002, Volume and Issue: 157(2-3), P. 101 - 118

Published: Oct. 21, 2002

Language: Английский

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Are There General Laws in Ecology?

Oikos, Journal Year: 1999, Volume and Issue: 84(2), P. 177 - 177

Published: Feb. 1, 1999

The dictionary definition of a law is: Generalized formulation based on series events or processes observed to recur regularly under certain conditions; widely observable tendency. I argue that ecology has numerous laws in this sense the word, form widespread, repeatable patterns nature, but hardly any are universally true. Typically, other words, ecological and laws, rules mechanisms underpin them contingent organisms involved, their environment. This contingency is manageable at relatively simple level organisation (for example population dynamics single small numbers species), re-emerges also large sets species, over spatial scales, long time periods, detail-free statistical - recently called 'macroecology'. becomes overwhelmingly complicated intermediate characteristic community ecology, where there number case histories, very little than weak, fuzzy generalisations. These arguments illustrated by focusing examples typical studies way contrast, macroecological relationship emerges between local species richness size regional pool species. emergent pattern vs plots extremely simple, despite vast interactions involved its generation. To discover general patterns, may need pay less attention 'middle ground' relying reductionism experimental manipulation, increasing research efforts into macroecology.

Language: Английский

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Disentangling the importance of ecological niches from stochastic processes across scales

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, Journal Year: 2011, Volume and Issue: 366(1576), P. 2351 - 2363

Published: July 18, 2011

Deterministic theories in community ecology suggest that local, niche-based processes, such as environmental filtering, biotic interactions and interspecific trade-offs largely determine patterns of species diversity composition. In contrast, more stochastic emphasize the importance chance colonization, random extinction ecological drift. The schisms between deterministic perspectives, which date back to earliest days ecology, continue fuel contemporary debates (e.g. niches versus neutrality). As illustrated by pioneering studies Robert H. MacArthur co-workers, resolution these requires consideration how local processes changes across scales. Here, we develop a framework for disentangling relative generating site-to-site variation composition (β-diversity) along gradients (disturbance, productivity interactions) among biogeographic regions differ size regional pool. We illustrate discern using null-model approaches explicitly account factors inherently create turnover. By embracing scales, can build synthetic understanding structure biodiversity face emerge from factors.

Language: Английский

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COMMUNITY INVASIBILITY, RECRUITMENT LIMITATION, AND GRASSLAND BIODIVERSITY

Ecology, Journal Year: 1997, Volume and Issue: 78(1), P. 81 - 92

Published: Jan. 1, 1997

Plant species composition, abundances, and richness were strongly recruitment limited in a 4-yr experiment which seeds of up to 54 added patches native grassland. Four field seasons after one-time addition seed, many still present reproducing, with plots seeded at the highest rate having that was 83% greater total plant cover 31% than controls. Total community increased significantly number as but pre-existing independent suggesting new mainly filled previously “empty” sites. The proportion became established negatively correlated initial plots, species-rich sites more resistant invasion. Plot invasibility also depended on abundances functional groups seed size cover. major plants differed their abilities invade perennial grasses being poorest invaders herbaceous legumes best. Thus, local biotic interactions dynamics jointly determined diversity, these grassland communities. This supports metapopulation-like perspective over purely interspecific-interaction or regional perspective, limitation may be important, even scale, often recognized.

Language: Английский

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Disturbance, patchiness, and diversity in streams

Journal of the North American Benthological Society, Journal Year: 2000, Volume and Issue: 19(4), P. 573 - 592

Published: Dec. 1, 2000

Perturbations in ecosystems consist of a sequence 2 events: the disturbance, marked by application disturbing forces, and response shown biota to damage inflicted disturbance. The disturbance must be effectively characterized, without confounding it with response, for progress made study ecology streams. A may take form pulse, press, or ramp, consequent trajectory ramp.Floods droughts are major forms natural flowing waters and, although effects floods have been relatively well studied, those largely neglected. Floods accentuate downstream lateral transport links, often damaging consequences, whereas fragment continuity Both destroy generate habitat patchiness biota. During recovery, there changes biotic composition spatial configuration patches. Resistance resilience facilitated use refugia. characterization flood refugia is much more advanced than that drought refugia.Recovery from rapid attainment constant levels diversity at local scale individual At regional streams their catchments, several studies reported negative correlations between other unimodal diversity–disturbance curves consistent patterns expected intermediate hypothesis. Such relationship generated ways await testing. In scale, play central role regulating species diversity. predicted increase severity frequency disturbances global climate change requires comprehensive understanding running waters.

Language: Английский

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