Energy and Buildings,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
211, P. 109761 - 109761
Published: Jan. 10, 2020
People's
subjective
response
to
any
thermal
environment
is
commonly
investigated
by
using
rating
scales
describing
the
degree
of
sensation,
comfort,
and
acceptability.
Subsequent
analyses
results
collected
in
this
way
rely
on
assumption
that
specific
distances
between
verbal
anchors
placed
scale
exist
relationships
from
different
dimensions
are
assessed
(e.g.
sensation
comfort)
do
not
change.
Another
inherent
such
independent
context
which
they
used
(climate
zone,
season,
etc.).
Despite
their
use
worldwide,
there
indication
contextual
differences
influence
perceived
therefore
question
reliability
scales'
interpretation.
To
address
issue,
a
large
international
collaborative
questionnaire
study
was
conducted
26
countries,
21
languages,
led
dataset
8225
questionnaires.
Results,
analysed
means
robust
statistical
techniques,
revealed
only
subset
responses
accordance
with
mentioned
assumptions.
Significant
appeared
groups
participants
perception
scales,
both
relation
scales.
It
also
found
respondents'
interpretations
changed
factors,
as
climate,
language.
These
findings
highlight
need
carefully
consider
context-dependent
factors
interpreting
reporting
comfort
studies
or
post-occupancy
evaluations,
well
revisit
analysis
methods
improve
reliability.
Temperature,
Journal Year:
2018,
Volume and Issue:
5(4), P. 308 - 342
Published: Oct. 2, 2018
Understanding
the
drivers
leading
to
individual
differences
in
human
thermal
perception
has
become
increasingly
important,
amongst
other
things
due
challenges
such
as
climate
change
and
an
ageing
society.
This
review
summarizes
existing
knowledge
related
physiological,
psychological,
context-related
of
diversity
perception.
Furthermore,
current
state
is
discussed
terms
its
applicability
comfort
models,
by
combining
modelling
approaches
thermoneutral
zone
(TNZ)
adaptive
heat
balance
model
(ATHB).
In
conclusion,
results
this
show
clear
contribution
some
physiological
psychological
factors,
body
composition,
metabolic
rate,
adaptation
certain
environments
perceived
control,
However,
role
potential
diversity-causing
parameters,
age
sex,
remain
uncertain.
Further
research
suggested,
especially
regarding
interaction
different
diversity-driving
factors
with
each
other,
both
help
establishing
a
holistic
picture.
Endocrine Reviews,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
41(1), P. 53 - 65
Published: Oct. 15, 2019
Abstract
Infants
rely
on
brown
adipose
tissue
(BAT)
as
a
primary
source
of
thermogenesis.
In
some
adult
humans,
residuals
are
adjacent
to
the
central
nervous
system
and
acute
activation
increases
metabolic
rate.
Brown
recruitment
occurs
during
cold
acclimation
includes
secretion
factors,
known
batokines,
which
target
several
different
cell
types
within
BAT,
promote
adipogenesis,
angiogenesis,
immune
interactions,
neurite
outgrowth.
All
these
processes
seem
act
in
concert
an
adapted
BAT.
Recent
studies
have
also
provided
exciting
data
whole
body
regulation
with
broad
spectrum
mechanisms
involving
BAT
crosstalk
liver,
skeletal
muscle,
gut
well
system.
These
widespread
interactions
might
reflect
property
switching
between
active
thermogenic
state
where
energy
is
highly
consumed
drained
from
circulation,
passive
thermoneutral
state,
consumption
turned
off.
(Endocrine
Reviews
41:
XXX
–
XXX,
2020)
Endocrine Reviews,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
44(2), P. 143 - 192
Published: May 29, 2022
Abstract
Brown
adipose
tissue
(BAT)
displays
the
unique
capacity
to
generate
heat
through
uncoupled
oxidative
phosphorylation
that
makes
it
a
very
attractive
therapeutic
target
for
cardiometabolic
diseases.
Here,
we
review
BAT
cellular
metabolism,
its
regulation
by
central
nervous
and
endocrine
systems
circulating
metabolites,
plausible
roles
of
this
in
human
thermoregulation,
energy
balance,
disorders,
current
knowledge
on
pharmacological
stimulation
humans.
The
definition
measurement
studies
relies
almost
exclusively
glucose
uptake
from
positron
emission
tomography
with
18F-fluorodeoxiglucose,
which
can
be
dissociated
thermogenic
activity,
as
example
insulin-resistant
states.
most
important
substrate
thermogenesis
is
intracellular
fatty
acid
content
mobilized
sympathetic
triglyceride
lipolysis.
This
lipolytic
response
intertwined
white
(WAT)
other
metabolic
tissues,
cannot
independently
stimulated
drugs
tested
thus
far.
an
interesting
biologically
has
yet
fully
selectively
activated
increase
body’s
shift
balance.
field
research
need
methods
able
directly,
specifically,
reliably
measure
while
also
tracking
related
responses
WAT
tissues.
Until
achieved,
uncertainty
will
remain
about
role
played
fascinating
Frontiers in Endocrinology,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
13
Published: Jan. 11, 2023
Overweight
and
obesity
have
become
a
world-wide
problem.
However,
effective
intervention
approaches
are
limited.
Brown
adipose
tissue,
which
helps
maintain
body
temperature
contributes
to
thermogenesis,
is
dependent
on
uncoupling
protein1.
Over
the
last
decade,
an
in-creasing
number
of
studies
found
that
activating
brown
tissue
browning
white
can
protect
against
obesity-related
metabolic
disease.
has
gradually
appealing
therapeutic
target
for
prevention
re-versal
obesity.
some
important
issues
remain
unresolved.
It
not
certain
whether
increasing
activity
cause
or
effect
weight
loss
what
risks
might
be
sympathetic
nervous
system-dependent
non-shivering
thermogenesis.
In
this
review,
we
comprehensively
summarize
and/or
such
as
cold
exposure,
exercise,
small-molecule
treatment.
We
highlight
functional
mechanisms
treatment
transplantation
using
batokine,
system
gut
microbiome.
Finally,
discuss
causality
between
induced
by
bariatric
surgery,
activity.
Obesity Reviews,
Journal Year:
2017,
Volume and Issue:
18(5), P. 495 - 513
Published: Feb. 10, 2017
Summary
Obesity
is
the
result
of
energy
intake
chronically
exceeding
expenditure.
Classical
treatments
against
obesity
do
not
provide
a
satisfactory
long‐term
outcome
for
majority
patients.
After
demonstration
functional
brown
adipose
tissue
in
human
adults,
great
effort
being
devoted
to
develop
therapies
based
on
itself,
through
conversion
fat‐accumulating
white
into
energy‐dissipating
tissue.
Anti‐obesity
that
exploit
endogenous,
pharmacological
and
nutritional
factors
drive
such
are
especially
demand.
In
present
review,
we
summarize
current
knowledge
about
various
molecules
can
be
applied
promoting
white‐to‐brown
expenditure
cellular
mechanisms
involved.
Nature Communications,
Journal Year:
2017,
Volume and Issue:
8(1)
Published: Jan. 30, 2017
Abstract
In
rodents,
brown
adipose
tissue
(BAT)
plays
an
important
role
in
producing
heat
to
defend
against
the
cold
and
can
metabolize
large
amounts
of
dietary
fatty
acids
(DFA).
The
BAT
DFA
metabolism
humans
is
unknown.
Here
we
show
that
mild
stimulation
(18
°C)
results
a
significantly
greater
fractional
extraction
by
relative
skeletal
muscle
white
non-cold-acclimated
men
given
standard
liquid
meal
containing
long-chain
acid
PET
tracer,
14(
R
,
S
)-[
18
F]-fluoro-6-thia-heptadecanoic
(
FTHA).
However,
net
contribution
systemic
clearance
comparatively
small.
Despite
4-week
acclimation
increasing
oxidative
2.6-fold,
uptake
does
not
increase
further.
These
findings
cold-stimulated
contribute
from
circulation
but
its
as
significant
heart,
liver,
muscles
or
tissues.
Journal of Endocrinology,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
241(3), P. R97 - R109
Published: April 12, 2019
In
the
midst
of
an
obesity
epidemic,
promotion
brown
adipose
tissue
(BAT)
function
and
browning
white
(WAT)
have
emerged
as
promising
therapeutic
targets
to
increase
energy
expenditure
counteract
weight
gain.
Despite
fact
that
thermogenic
potential
bone
fide
BAT
in
rodents
is
several
orders
magnitudes
higher
than
fat
containing
brite/beige
adipocytes,
WAT
represents
a
particularly
intriguing
concept
humans
given
extreme
amount
excess
obese
individuals.
addition,
clear
distinction
between
classic
beige
has
been
proposed
mice
does
not
exist
humans.
fact,
studies
human
biopsies
found
controversial
results
suggesting
both
characteristics.
Irrespective
true
‘color’,
accumulating
evidence
suggests
induction
adipocytes
depots
response
specific
stimuli,
highlighting
may
occur
both,
These
observations
also
emphasize
great
plasticity
raise
important
questions
about
metabolic
properties
thermogenically
active
implications.
We
will
first
review
cellular
molecular
aspects
selected
concepts
identified
mouse
models
with
emphasis
on
neuronal
factors,
microbiome,
immune
cells
hormones.
summarize
for
including
some
experimental
pharmacologic
approaches.
The Journal of Physiology,
Journal Year:
2016,
Volume and Issue:
595(6), P. 2099 - 2113
Published: Dec. 27, 2016
Muscle-derived
thermogenesis
during
acute
cold
exposure
in
humans
consists
of
a
combination
cold-induced
increases
skeletal
muscle
proton
leak
and
shivering.
Daily
results
an
increase
brown
adipose
tissue
oxidative
capacity
coupled
with
decrease
the
shivering
intensity.
Improved
coupling
between
electromyography-determined
activity
whole-body
heat
production
following
acclimation
suggests
maintenance
ATPase-dependent
ATPase
independent
thermogenesis.
Although
daily
did
not
change
fibre
composition
vastus
lateralis,
was
strong
predictor
pattern
evoked
exposure.We
previously
showed
that
4
weeks
can
(BAT)
volume
by
45%
metabolism
182%.
Surprisingly,
we
find
reciprocal
reduction
intensity
when
exposed
to
mild
(18°C).
The
present
study
aimed
determine
whether
changes
or
could
account
for
these
unexpected
findings.
Nine
men
participated
week
intervention
(10°C
water
circulating
liquid-conditioned
suit,
2
h
day-1
,
5
days
week-1
).
Shivering
were
measured
continuously
controlled
(150
min
at
°C)
before
after
acclimation.
Muscle
biopsies
from
m.
lateralis
obtained
measure
oxygen
consumption
rate
permeabilized
fibres.
Cold
elicited
modest
21%
(P
<
0.05)
Furthermore,
abolished
leak.
cold.
We
conclude
muscle-derived
is
only
limited
shivering,
but
also
includes
efficiency
phosphorylation
improves
acclimation,
suggesting
reduced
occurs
through
decreased
leak,
addition
as
BAT
increase.
These
occur
no
net
difference
