Limnology and Oceanography Letters, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 8(1), P. 1 - 7
Published: Jan. 4, 2023
Freshwater salinization is the process of changing ion concentrations (e.g., Na+, Mg2+, K+, Cl−, CO 3 2 − , SO 4 ) relative to background levels due human activities agriculture, application road de-icing salts, water and resource extraction, climate change, sea-level rise; Williams 2001; Cañedo-Argüelles et al. 2016). Although considerably less studied than other environmental issues (Cañedo-Argüelles 2020), widely accepted as presenting major challenges freshwater coastal biodiversity (Cunillera-Montcusí 2022). Existing data research show a clear rise in worldwide (Dugan 2017; 2020; Jeppesen Kaushal 2021), yet key knowledge gaps management remain complexity (Kaushal 2018) prevalence problem 2020). Current literature has neglected provide unbiased geographic coverage 2022), ecosystem-level responses functions services) are rarely assessed (Herbert 2015). Compelling calls for agendas that address need at multiple scales global, regional, local) well timed One identified gap points networks researchers working together regional using experimental approaches identify impacts on biodiversity, community salinity thresholds, landscape-scale drivers. Here, we document results networked Global Salt Initiative (GSI) performed situ experiments lakes look impacts: their findings suggest North American European quality guidelines salt far too low prevent impacts. The further purpose this Special Issue (SI) increasing lake area ecosystem functioning from variety perspectives. Salinity an important parameter, like temperature light, directly affects organisms via osmotic stress (Silver Donini 2021). Despite worldwide, however, socioeconomic perspective, salts perhaps still viewed natural component ecosystems with negligible (Gorostiza Saurí 2019). Moreover, current solutions technically challenging expensive making seemingly unavoidable consequence many activities. We have witnessed substantial increase including some high profile papers reviews 2018; Hintz Relyea 2019; Arnott Dugan Thorslund 2021; Cunillera-Montcusí 2022; 2022a,b), scientific van Vliet three SIs devoted topic: (1) SI Philosophical Transactions B (2018) "Salt freshwaters: causes, ecological consequences future prospects" 2019); (2) Water (coming 2022) focused "Salinization resources: ongoing trends" (Colombani 2022); (3) Hydrobiologia 2023) "Effects induced changes inland ecosystems," edited by Jeppesen, Cañedo-Argüelles, Entrekin, Padisák, Sarma. What makes Limnology Oceanography Letters unique principal focus determining (as stated above). When faced trying understand what happens when mixture ions interacts anthropogenically derived substances aquatic ecosystems, experts refer result "freshwater syndrome" (FSS; 2018). Like any syndrome, combination complex factors (chemical, biological, geological, environmental, social) associated can extreme unsafe drinking (Ehmar Khan 2014; 2016); mobilized contaminants 2015; toxicity bioaccumulation co-occurring pollutants such pesticides (Saranjampour Hutton Xing loss (James 2003; Castillo Hébert FSS expected progress five distinct stages outlined here (this SI) first time As inadequate regulations (Huling Hollocher 1972; Jackson Jobbàgy 2005; Gorostiza Schuler 2022b), continues impact function, services sector-specific withdrawals regions world irrigation agriculture; water; 2017). global scale irreconcilable demands various anthropogenic practices road-de-icing, mining) help explain recent area. International teams recently published coordinated mesocosm across regions) most urgent (Hintz All guest editors part GSI, which began design Experiment (GSE) conceived GLEON (Global Lakes Ecological Observatory Network) meeting Mohonk (New York) 2017. Interdisciplinary led Drs Shelley William designed large-scale, simultaneous experiment was 16 within Canada (CA), Europe (EU), United States (US) summer 2018. under conditions lack direct pristine zooplankton, outside laboratory tests. these (2022b) series six either combine evaluate cross-regional (Arnott or examine effects stressors communities base food chain (Moffett Greco Astorg GSE (i) complemented 14 selected known about zooplankton worldwide; (ii) predict trends increases America caused predominantly salt; (iii) urban wetlands, streams, ponds); (iv) increased land-water usage patterns causing saltwater intrusion nutrient loadings marine areas; (v) consider community-level syndrome. contributions depth scope support GSI's overarching paper explains how abundances will be lost 2022b). Currently, regulated through recommendations (i.e., non-legally enforced standards) based tests, total and/or chloride chronic [Cl−] 120 230 mg L−1, respectively). Addressing require more rigorous capture different mixtures chemical cocktails 2016; Recently, al.'s created heightened appreciation, over 2300 comments 69,100 upvotes New Reddit Journal Science (NRJS Such appreciation included investigations into microbes use energy; products affect ecosystems; safe roads, beet juice, gravel (Finland), sand. Without evidence, legislative unlikely. brief overview enhance probability change. finding our coordinated, mesocosm, (on communities) precipitous biomass 50% reductions) below existing concentration CA, US, EU Vitally, (2022) showed abundance accompanied fewer species, reduced diversity, consistent trophic shift algal (dominance) all lakes, demonstrated chlorophyll (Chl a). were unable link sensitivity intraspecific variation responses) original species pool local conditions. Yet, had robust responses, possibly evolutionary adaptation Nonetheless, even upper Cl− leading proliferation algae released grazing pressure. uniquely investigated shifts fungal eukaryotic plankton DNA metabarcoding 18 S rRNA. They found massive compositional among diverse groups dominants unicellular algae. Eventually, combined favor cyanobacteria (Porter-Goff 2013), but not universally case wherein absent phytoplankton favored (Astorg More needed. Examining interactions between nutrients, (2021) exposed mesocosms ambient (~ 3–4× ambient), concluding although higher nutrients availability, there no concomitant tolerance salt. Temperature another variable interact salinity, McClymont responsive subjected stressor. losses diversity GSI experiments, Wersebe only slight Daphnia ephippia response suburban 170 years (with 1 150 L−1) paleolimnological study ephippial densities sediments. This may explained possible attenuating calcium hardness (Elphick 2011). However, needed previous studies soft water, boreal shield lakes. Dugan's group quantifying modeling past 50 In special issue, presents papers: Rock model distinctive groundwater fed seepage located next highway Northern Wisconsin. By adjusting outdated box (Bowser 1992) account reservoirs soil, authors demonstrate why previously predicted 2020 Sparking Lake surpassed 50%, highlighting soil long-term reservoir second paper, they Michigan annually receives million metric tonnes main urbanized rivers Grand, St. Joseph, Fox, Kalamazoo, Milwaukee Rivers, If continue, could reach L−1 2050, decrease reproduction mortality Canadian Shield Ladwig investigate understudied salinities stratification north temperate delays spring turnover, prolonged periods, column stability during spring, summer, winter, critical anoxic hypolimnion summer. Impacts dissolved extend muddled deltas once persisted (Richardson impacted ponds, wetlands covered Shattuck (2022); Bolotin Kinsman-Costello (2022). Decades stream surface waters seasonal hydrologic variability. used Hampshire streams insights high-frequency sensors (15-min intervals) elucidate influences sources flooding events. Chloride threefold since 1953 site, often exceed relatively lax (230 seasons, surprisingly flood event reset up decade. predictive classification drivers precipitation, slope, salinity), managers track basins central western US. Predictive characterizing globe reference tools. review syndrome wetlands. limits understanding wetland biogeochemical processing N & P removal) service perform. Most focuses 2013; also face severe mainly withdrawal—for consumption—and (Oude Essink 2010; Mahmuduzzaman Dasgupta Mabrouk To problems facing sensitive dependent Pacific beyond, Dulai Hawaii discharge modify native macroalgal growth rates, branching patterns, ostensibly weaken ensuing competitive invasive macroalgae. Tidal marsh significantly affected seawater intrusion. Mobilian (2020) conducted multiyear, field manipulation microbial carbon cycling activity press rise—than pulses episodic intrusion). Osburn employed implications happen mouth estuaries toxic cyanobacterial blooms, those occur upstream eutrophic reservoirs, encounter flushed downstream ocean. Their indicate magnify harmful blooms mix ocean water. Changes macroalgae along continua lead predictable minimum intermediate 8 g L−1; Olli a) nitrogen measured indicator efficiency (RUE), functional redundancy RUE likely lower competition grazing). know interaction them modulate individual (Baillard Thompson Kefford call community-based tests rather single laboratories standards protection developed. Results reported new (algal, bacterial, fungal) respond reductions abundance, towards primary producers microbiota. Regional differences intra- inter-specific expected, it difficult multistressor environments. conclude better intensify change parts (Jeppesen 2015), vary regionally. For example, receiving large inputs melting glaciers, (Garcia-Eidell search impacts, effective adjust variability levels, additional contaminant pressures, precipitation patterns) costly thank Jim Cloern, Gesa Weyhenmeyer, Steven Perez, Wiley editorial team vital judicious assistance. reviewers who graciously gave time, expertise, advice helping improve issue manuscripts. Initiative, formed Network (GLEON) held acknowledge following funding supporting research, writing, editing: Natural Sciences Engineering Research Council (NSERC) Discovery Grant program (DG 03834-2015 SJM DG 05143-2016 AMD). MC supported Ramón y Cajal contract funded Spanish Ministry Innovation (RYC2020-029829-I). None declared.
Language: Английский
