Emerging infectious diseases,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
30(12)
Published: Nov. 19, 2024
In
July
2023,
cases
of
highly
pathogenic
avian
influenza
(HPAI)
were
reported
at
2
shelters
for
stray
cats
in
Seoul,
South
Korea.
The
cause
infection
was
suspected
to
be
improperly
sterilized
raw
food
made
from
domestic
duck
meat,
which
manufactured
All
viruses
isolated
the
and
belonged
HPAI
A(H5N1)
clade
2.3.4.4b.
gene
constellation
all
most
similar
that
Korea
November
2022.
Of
note,
infected
harbored
mutations
E627K
or
D701N
polymerase
basic
2,
are
indicative
adaptation
mammals.
Postmortem
examination
revealed
systemic
pathologic
lesions
presence
widespread
virus
different
tissues.
Thus,
consumption
meat
contaminated
with
likely
caused
symptoms
death
cats,
indicating
introduction
mammal-adapted
virus.
Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
59, P. 102712 - 102712
Published: March 8, 2024
We
describe
the
evolution
of
outbreak
Highly
Pathogenic
Avian
Influenza
(HPAI)
A(H5N1)
in
sea
lions
(Otaria
flavescens)
South
America.
At
least
24,000
died
Peru,
Chile,
Argentina,
Uruguay,
and
Brazil
between
January–October
2023.
The
most
plausible
route
infection
is
cohabiting
with
or
foraging
on
infected
birds.
However,
we
urge
a
detailed
evaluation
actual
source
given
that
concomitant
massive
wild
bird
mortalities
registered
Pacific
Ocean
did
not
occur
Atlantic
Ocean.
Bird Conservation International,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
34
Published: Jan. 1, 2024
Summary
In
2022,
highly
pathogenic
avian
influenza
(HPAI)
A(H5N1)
virus
clade
2.3.4.4b
became
enzootic
and
caused
mass
mortality
in
Sandwich
Tern
Thalasseus
sandvicensis
other
seabird
species
across
north-western
Europe.
We
present
data
on
the
characteristics
of
spread
between
within
breeding
colonies
number
dead
adult
Terns
recorded
at
sites
throughout
Within
two
months
first
reported
mortalities,
20,531
were
found
dead,
which
is
>17%
total
European
population.
This
probably
an
under-representation
mortality,
as
many
carcasses
are
likely
to
have
gone
unnoticed
unreported.
affected
colonies,
almost
all
chicks
died.
After
peak
outbreak,
a
colony
established
by
late
breeders,
25.7%
tested
adults
showed
immunity
HPAI
subtype
H5.
Removal
was
associated
with
lower
levels
colonies.
More
research
sources
modes
transmission,
incubation
times,
effective
containment,
urgently
needed
combat
this
major
threat
for
colonial
seabirds.
Virus Evolution,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
10(1)
Published: Jan. 1, 2024
The
highly
pathogenic
avian
influenza
viruses
of
clade
2.3.4.4b
have
caused
unprecedented
deaths
in
South
American
wild
birds,
poultry,
and
marine
mammals.
In
September
2023,
pinnipeds
seabirds
appeared
dead
on
the
Uruguayan
Atlantic
coast.
Sixteen
virus
strains
were
characterized
by
real-time
reverse
transcription
PCR
genome
sequencing
samples
from
sea
lions
(
EFSA Journal,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
22(10)
Published: Oct. 1, 2024
Between
15
June
and
20
September
2024,
75
highly
pathogenic
avian
influenza
(HPAI)
A(H5)
A(H7)
virus
detections
were
reported
in
domestic
(16)
wild
(59)
birds
across
11
countries
Europe.
Although
the
overall
number
of
Europe
continued
to
be
low
compared
previous
epidemiological
years,
an
increase
cases
along
Atlantic,
North
Sea
Baltic
coasts
was
notable,
particularly
detection
HPAI
viruses
colony-breeding
seabirds.
Besides
EA-2022-BB
other
circulating
genotypes,
these
also
included
EA-2023-DT,
a
new
genotype
that
may
transmit
more
efficiently
among
gulls.
In
Germany,
A(H7N5)
emerged
poultry
establishment
near
border
with
Netherlands.
No
mammals
during
this
period,
but
reportedly
affected
dairy
cattle
establishments
United
States
America
(USA)
rose
>230
14
states,
identified
three
mammal
species.
21
19
human
infection
from
USA
(six
A(H5N1)
five
cases),
Cambodia
(five
cases,
including
one
fatal),
China
(one
fatal
A(H5N6)
case
A(H9N2)
case),
Ghana
case).
Most
(90%,
n
=
17/19)
had
exposure
poultry,
live
markets,
or
prior
onset
illness.
Human
infections
remain
rare
no
evidence
human-to-human
transmission
has
been
documented
reporting
period.
The
risk
currently
clade
2.3.4.4b
remains
for
general
public
European
Union/European
Economic
Area
(EU/EEA).
low-to-moderate
those
occupationally
otherwise
exposed
infected
animals
contaminated
environments.
EFSA Journal,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
23(1)
Published: Jan. 1, 2025
Abstract
Between
21
September
and
6
December
2024,
657
highly
pathogenic
avian
influenza
(HPAI)
A(H5N1)
A(H5N5)
virus
detections
were
reported
in
domestic
(341)
wild
(316)
birds
across
27
countries
Europe.
Many
HPAI
outbreaks
clustered
areas
with
high
poultry
density
characterised
by
secondary
farm‐to‐farm
spread.
Waterfowl,
particularly
the
mute
swan,
primarily
affected
during
this
reporting
period,
focused
on
south‐eastern
Notably,
viruses
expanded
their
geographic
host
range,
resulting
a
surge
mortality
events
described
gulls
crows.
No
new
mammals
Europe
but
number
of
dairy
cattle
farms
reportedly
United
States
America
(USA)
rose
to
>800
16
States,
was
identified
two
pigs
mixed‐species
farm.
11
56
human
cases
infection
from
North
(45
cases),
Viet
Nam
(one
A(H5))
China
(ten
A(H9N2)
cases).
Most
A(H5)
(95.6%,
n
=
43/45)
had
exposure
poultry,
live
markets,
or
prior
detection
onset
illness.
Human
infections
remain
rare
no
evidence
human‐to‐human
transmission
has
been
documented
period.
The
risk
currently
circulating
clade
2.3.4.4b
remains
low
for
general
public
European
Union/European
Economic
Area
(EU/EEA).
low‐to‐moderate
those
occupationally
otherwise
exposed
infected
animals
contaminated
environments.
EFSA Journal,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
23(1)
Published: Jan. 1, 2025
A
risk
assessment
framework
was
developed
to
evaluate
the
zoonotic
potential
of
avian
influenza
(AI),
focusing
on
virus
mutations
linked
phenotypic
traits
related
mammalian
adaptation
identified
in
literature.
Virus
sequences
were
screened
for
presence
these
and
their
geographical,
temporal
subtype-specific
trends.
Spillover
events
mammals
(including
humans)
human
seroprevalence
studies
also
reviewed.
Thirty-four
associated
with
five
(increased
receptor
specificity,
haemagglutinin
stability,
neuraminidase
enhanced
polymerase
activity
evasion
innate
immunity)
shortlisted.
AI
viruses
(AIVs)
carrying
multiple
adaptive
belonged
both
low
highly
pathogenic
subtypes,
mainly
A(H9N2),
A(H7N9),
A(H5N6)
A(H3N8),
sporadic
primarily
detected
Asia.
In
EU/EEA,
H5Nx
clade
2.3.4.4b,
which
have
increased
opportunities
evolution
due
widespread
circulation
birds
occasional
cases/outbreaks
mammals,
acquired
highest
number
traits.
Adaptive
traits,
such
as
immune
evasion,
frequently
acquired,
while
receptor-specific
remained
rare.
Globally,
cases
remain
rare,
majority
overall
A(H5N1),
A(H5N6),
A(H7N9)
A(H9N2)
that
are
among
subtypes
tend
a
higher
The
main
drivers
include
host
characteristics,
external
factors
increasing
AIV
exposure
humans
wild
domestic
(e.g.
activities
ecological
factors).
Comprehensive
surveillance
AIVs
targeting
whole
genome
sequencing
animals
is
essential
early
detection
efficient
implementation
control
measures.
All
preparedness,
preventive
measures
must
be
implemented
under
One
Health
tailored
setting
epidemiological
situation;
particular,
monitoring,
biosecurity,
genomic
global
collaboration
critical
mitigating
risks
AIV.
Emerging infectious diseases,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
30(6)
Published: May 21, 2024
Abstract
Highly
pathogenic
avian
influenza
H5N6
and
H5N1
viruses
of
clade
2.3.4.4b
were
simultaneously
introduced
into
South
Korea
at
the
end
2023.
An
outbreak
a
broiler
duck
farm
consisted
concurrent
infection
by
both
viruses.
Sharing
genetic
information
international
surveillance
such
in
wild
birds
poultry
is
critical.
Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
1, P. 18 - 26
Published: March 28, 2025
The
aim
of
the
work
was
to
analyze
circulation
most
epidemiologically
significant
variants
avian
influenza
virus
in
world
and
across
Russia
2024.
global
situation
on
highly
pathogenic
remained
tense
disease
affected
68
countries,
resulting
death
or
culling
about
19
million
poultry.
In
addition,
there
a
large
number
A(H5N1)
detections
wild
domestic
mammals,
predominantly
United
States.
Those
included
outbreaks
dairy
farms
that
herds
throughout
year,
encompassing
more
than
900
16
states
by
year’s
end
causing
infection
40
farm
workers
four
states.
viruses
detected
contained
mammalian
adaptation
mutations.
total,
100
human
infections
with
zoonotic
were
reported
2024,
81
cases.
Apart
from
A(H5N1),
other
variants,
such
as
A(H5N6),
A(H5N8),
A(H5N5),
A(H5N2),
circulating
worldwide.
Outbreaks
among
poultry
caused
different
subtypes
A(H7)
also
countries.
Russia,
2024
less
tense.
All
belonged
clade
2.3.4.4b
genetically
similar
vaccine
strains
recommended
WHO.
Isolated
antigenically
reference
strain
A/goose/Tyumen/359-
13/2021(H5N1),
which
had
HA1
sequence
identical
A/Astrakhan/3212/2020(H5N8).
an
A(H9N2)
isolated
study
this
showed
it
belongs
Y439
does
not
contain
mutations
associated
increased
pathogenicity
drug
resistance.
EFSA Journal,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
23(4)
Published: April 1, 2025
Abstract
Between
7
December
2024
and
March
2025,
743
highly
pathogenic
avian
influenza
(HPAI)
A(H5)
virus
detections
were
reported
in
domestic
(239)
wild
(504)
birds
across
31
countries
Europe.
HPAI
A(H5N1)
predominant
mainly
located
central,
western
south‐eastern
Most
concerned
waterfowl,
particularly
mute
swans,
barnacle
geese
greylag
geese.
Limited
secondary
spread
was
observed
among
the
poultry
outbreaks,
outdoor
access
remained
an
important
risk
factor
at
interface
between
birds.
A(H5N5)
outbreaks
occurred
only
increasingly
waterfowl.
For
first
time
since
spring
2024,
several
cats
carnivores
In
United
States
of
America
(USA),
number
dairy
cattle
farms
reportedly
affected
rose
to
almost
1000
17
States,
a
different
genotype
(D1.1)
this
species.
12
22
new
cases
infection
humans
USA
(12
cases),
Cambodia
(two
Kingdom
(one
case),
China
(six
A(H9N2)
one
A(H10N3)
case).
human
(93%,
n
=
14/15)
had
exposure
or
prior
detection
onset
illness.
Considering
widespread
circulation
viruses
animal
populations,
infections
with
remain
infrequent.
No
evidence
human‐to‐human
transmission
has
been
documented
during
reporting
period.
The
clade
2.3.4.4b
currently
circulating
Europe
remains
low
for
general
public
European
Union/European
Economic
Area
(EU/EEA).
low‐to‐moderate
those
occupationally
otherwise
exposed
infected
animals
contaminated
environments.
