Preparedness, prevention and control related to zoonotic avian influenza
EFSA Journal,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
23(1)
Published: Jan. 1, 2025
A
risk
assessment
framework
was
developed
to
evaluate
the
zoonotic
potential
of
avian
influenza
(AI),
focusing
on
virus
mutations
linked
phenotypic
traits
related
mammalian
adaptation
identified
in
literature.
Virus
sequences
were
screened
for
presence
these
and
their
geographical,
temporal
subtype-specific
trends.
Spillover
events
mammals
(including
humans)
human
seroprevalence
studies
also
reviewed.
Thirty-four
associated
with
five
(increased
receptor
specificity,
haemagglutinin
stability,
neuraminidase
enhanced
polymerase
activity
evasion
innate
immunity)
shortlisted.
AI
viruses
(AIVs)
carrying
multiple
adaptive
belonged
both
low
highly
pathogenic
subtypes,
mainly
A(H9N2),
A(H7N9),
A(H5N6)
A(H3N8),
sporadic
primarily
detected
Asia.
In
EU/EEA,
H5Nx
clade
2.3.4.4b,
which
have
increased
opportunities
evolution
due
widespread
circulation
birds
occasional
cases/outbreaks
mammals,
acquired
highest
number
traits.
Adaptive
traits,
such
as
immune
evasion,
frequently
acquired,
while
receptor-specific
remained
rare.
Globally,
cases
remain
rare,
majority
overall
A(H5N1),
A(H5N6),
A(H7N9)
A(H9N2)
that
are
among
subtypes
tend
a
higher
The
main
drivers
include
host
characteristics,
external
factors
increasing
AIV
exposure
humans
wild
domestic
(e.g.
activities
ecological
factors).
Comprehensive
surveillance
AIVs
targeting
whole
genome
sequencing
animals
is
essential
early
detection
efficient
implementation
control
measures.
All
preparedness,
preventive
measures
must
be
implemented
under
One
Health
tailored
setting
epidemiological
situation;
particular,
monitoring,
biosecurity,
genomic
global
collaboration
critical
mitigating
risks
AIV.
Language: Английский
Avian influenza overview December 2024–March 2025
EFSA Journal,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
23(4)
Published: April 1, 2025
Abstract
Between
7
December
2024
and
March
2025,
743
highly
pathogenic
avian
influenza
(HPAI)
A(H5)
virus
detections
were
reported
in
domestic
(239)
wild
(504)
birds
across
31
countries
Europe.
HPAI
A(H5N1)
predominant
mainly
located
central,
western
south‐eastern
Most
concerned
waterfowl,
particularly
mute
swans,
barnacle
geese
greylag
geese.
Limited
secondary
spread
was
observed
among
the
poultry
outbreaks,
outdoor
access
remained
an
important
risk
factor
at
interface
between
birds.
A(H5N5)
outbreaks
occurred
only
increasingly
waterfowl.
For
first
time
since
spring
2024,
several
cats
carnivores
In
United
States
of
America
(USA),
number
dairy
cattle
farms
reportedly
affected
rose
to
almost
1000
17
States,
a
different
genotype
(D1.1)
this
species.
12
22
new
cases
infection
humans
USA
(12
cases),
Cambodia
(two
Kingdom
(one
case),
China
(six
A(H9N2)
one
A(H10N3)
case).
human
(93%,
n
=
14/15)
had
exposure
or
prior
detection
onset
illness.
Considering
widespread
circulation
viruses
animal
populations,
infections
with
remain
infrequent.
No
evidence
human‐to‐human
transmission
has
been
documented
during
reporting
period.
The
clade
2.3.4.4b
currently
circulating
Europe
remains
low
for
general
public
European
Union/European
Economic
Area
(EU/EEA).
low‐to‐moderate
those
occupationally
otherwise
exposed
infected
animals
contaminated
environments.
Language: Английский