Conceptual contamination: Investigating the impact of misinformation on conceptual change and inoculation strategies DOI Creative Commons
Robert Danielson, Benjamin C. Heddy, Onur Ramazan

et al.

Journal of Research in Science Teaching, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: May 27, 2024

Abstract Misinformation has been extensively studied as both maliciously intended propaganda and accidentally experienced incorrect assumptions. We contend that “conceptual contamination” is the process by which learning of information interferes, pollutes, or otherwise disrupts correct information. This similar to a medical model disease transmission wherein misinformation travels from person via multiple methods. And just we can inoculate public against diseases like smallpox measles, suggest this same approach (providing refutations misconceptions individuals may not have read yet) misconceptions. sought examine whether could misconceptions, if so, would refutation text outperform more traditional expository text. also role emotions attitudes. randomly assigned 152 undergraduate students one four experimental conditions comparing type (refutation vs. expository) order (misconception first second) on their ability overcome Our findings indicate reading texts led significantly fewer reduced negative emotions. illustrate prevailing countering misinformation—providing support after exposure misinformation—performed worst overall. continue provide significant reductions in overall be regardless type, precede misinformation.

Language: Английский

Science literacy in the twenty-first century: informed trust and the competent outsider DOI Creative Commons
Jonathan Osborne, Douglas Allchin

International Journal of Science Education, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 1 - 22

Published: April 9, 2024

A primary justification of teaching science to all young people is develop students become "critical consumers" science. This worthy goal, however, hampered by a flawed premise that school sufficient intellectual independence. In contrast, we start from the are epistemically dependent on expertise others. Hence, any education for must capabilities "competent outsider" capable making judgements not itself, but whether source credible. Essential developing such informed epistemic trust are: (1) basic understanding social practices enable production reliable knowledge; and (2) familiarity with major explanatory theories styles reasoning guide work scientists. These elements provide framework non-expert necessary interpret understand scientists claims they make. We show how an would address three four aims outlined Rudolph (Citation2022). To achieve this goal substantial reduction existing standards essential, fundamentally different, core required, while returning significant autonomy classroom professionals.

Language: Английский

Citations

19
Fighting fake news on social media: a comparative evaluation of digital literacy interventions DOI
Anat Toder Alon,

Ilan Daniels Rahimi,

Hila Tahar

et al.

Current Psychology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 43(19), P. 17343 - 17361

Published: Feb. 5, 2024

Language: Английский

Citations

8
On the Efficacy of Accuracy Prompts Across Partisan Lines: An Adversarial Collaboration DOI
Cameron Martel, Steve Rathje, Connie J. Clark

et al.

Psychological Science, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 35(4), P. 435 - 450

Published: March 20, 2024

The spread of misinformation is a pressing societal challenge. Prior work shows that shifting attention to accuracy increases the quality people’s news-sharing decisions. However, researchers disagree on whether accuracy-prompt interventions for U.S. Republicans/conservatives and partisanship moderates effect. In this preregistered adversarial collaboration, we tested question using multiverse meta-analysis ( k = 21; N 27,828). all 70 models, prompts improved sharing discernment among Republicans/conservatives. We observed significant partisan moderation single-headline “evaluation” treatments (a critical test one research team) such effect was stronger Democrats than Republicans. not consistently robust across different operationalizations ideology/partisanship, exclusion criteria, or treatment type. Overall, in 50% specifications (all which were considered other team). discuss conditions under offer interpretations.

Language: Английский

Citations

7
The effectiveness of refutation text in confronting scientific misconceptions: A meta-analysis DOI
Robert Danielson,

Neil G. Jacobson,

Erika A. Patall

et al.

Educational Psychologist, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 1 - 25

Published: Aug. 16, 2024

Misinformation around scientific issues is rampant on social media platforms, raising concerns among educators and science communicators. A variety of approaches have been explored to confront this growing threat literacy. For example, refutations used both proactively as warning labels in attempts inoculate against misconceptions, retroactively debunk misconceptions rebut denialism. Refutations by policy makers scientists when communicating with the general public, yet little known about their effectiveness or consequences. Given interest refutational approaches, we conducted a comprehensive, pre-registered meta-analysis comparing effect refutation texts non-refutation individuals' information. We selected 71 articles (53 published 18 unpublished) that described 76 studies, 111 samples, 294 sizes. also examined 26 moderators. Overall, our findings show consistent statistically significant advantage over controlled experiments confronting misconceptions. found moderators neither enhanced nor diminished impact texts. discuss implications using formal informal learning contexts communications from three theoretical perspectives.

Language: Английский

Citations

7
Fighting misinformation among the most vulnerable users DOI Creative Commons
Nadia M. Brashier

Current Opinion in Psychology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 57, P. 101813 - 101813

Published: March 18, 2024

Misinformation undermines trust in the integrity of democratic elections, safety vaccines, and authenticity footage from war zones. Social scientists have proposed many solutions to reduce individuals' demand for fake news, but it is unclear how evaluate them. Efficacy can mean that an intervention increases discernment (the ability distinguish true false content), works over a delay, scales up, engages users. I argue experts should also consider differences exposure prevalence before declaring success. Misleading content makes up small fraction average person's news diet, some groups are at increased risk – conservatives older adults see share most news. Targeting whole population (universal prevention) could concentrate benefits among users who already least misinformation begin with. In complement these approaches, we design interventions people need them (selective prevention), as well shared low-quality (indicated prevention).

Language: Английский

Citations

6
Liars know they are lying: differentiating disinformation from disagreement DOI Creative Commons
Stephan Lewandowsky, Ullrich K. H. Ecker, John Cook

et al.

Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 11(1)

Published: July 31, 2024

Abstract Mis- and disinformation pose substantial societal challenges, have thus become the focus of a substantive field research. However, misinformation research has recently come under scrutiny on two fronts. First, political response emerged, claiming that aims to censor conservative voices. Second, some scholars questioned utility altogether, arguing is not sufficiently identifiable or widespread warrant much concern action. Here, we rebut these claims. We contend spread misinformation—and in particular willful disinformation—is demonstrably harmful public health, evidence-informed policymaking, democratic processes. also show outright lies can often be identified differ from good-faith contestation. conclude by showing how at least partially mitigated using variety empirically validated, rights-preserving methods do involve censorship.

Language: Английский

Citations

5
Incorporating Psychological Science Into Policy Making DOI Creative Commons
Anastasia Kozyreva,

Laura Smillie,

Stephan Lewandowsky

et al.

European Psychologist, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 28(3), P. 206 - 224

Published: July 1, 2023

The spread of false and misleading information in online social networks is a global problem need urgent solutions. It also policy because misinformation can harm both the public democracies. To address misinformation, policymakers require successful interface between science policy, as well range evidence-based solutions that respect fundamental rights while efficiently mitigating harms online. In this article, we discuss how regulatory nonregulatory instruments be informed by scientific research used to reach EU objectives. First, consider what it means approach problem. We then outline four building blocks for cooperation scientists who wish misinformation: understanding problem, psychological drivers perceptions finding solutions, co-developing appropriate measures. Finally, through lens science, examine have been proposed EU, focusing on strengthened Code Practice Disinformation 2022.

Language: Английский

Citations

13
The Online Misinformation Engagement Framework DOI Creative Commons
Michael Geers, Briony Swire‐Thompson, Philipp Lorenz-Spreen

et al.

Current Opinion in Psychology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 55, P. 101739 - 101739

Published: Nov. 14, 2023

Research on online misinformation has evolved rapidly, but organizing its results and identifying open research questions is difficult without a systematic approach. We present the Online Misinformation Engagement Framework, which classifies people's engagement with into four stages: selecting information sources, choosing what to consume or ignore, evaluating accuracy of and/or credibility source, judging whether how react (e.g., liking sharing). outline entry points for interventions at each stage pinpoint two early stages-source selection-as relatively neglected processes that should be addressed further improve ability contend misinformation.

Language: Английский

Citations

12
Using Psychological Science To Understand And Fight Health Misinformation: An APA Consensus Statement DOI Open Access
Sander van der Linden, Dolores Albarracín, Lisa K. Fazio

et al.

PsycEXTRA Dataset, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Jan. 1, 2023

There is widespread concern that misinformation poses dangerous risks to health, well-being, and civic life.Despite a growing body of research on the topic, significant questions remain about (a) psychological factors render people susceptible misinformation, (b) extent which it affects real-world behavior, (c) how spreads online offline, (d) intervention strategies counter correct effectively.This report reviews best available science reach consensus each these crucial questions, particularly as they pertain health-related misinformation.In addition, offers eight specific recommendations for scientists, policymakers, health professionals who seek recognize respond in care beyond.

Language: Английский

Citations

12
A framework for promoting online prosocial behavior via digital interventions DOI Creative Commons
David Joachim Grüning,

Julia Kamin,

Folco Panizza

et al.

Communications Psychology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 2(1)

Published: Jan. 11, 2024

Digital interventions for prosocial behavior are increasingly being studied by psychologists. However, academic findings remain largely underutilized practitioners. We present a practical review and framework distinguishing three categories of digital interventions--proactive, interactive, reactive--based on the timing their implementation. For each category, we digital, scalable, automated, scientifically tested empirical evidence. provide tips applying these advice successful collaborations between researchers

Language: Английский

Citations

4