Food Research International, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 161, P. 111863 - 111863
Published: Aug. 25, 2022
Language: Английский
Critical Reviews in Toxicology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 50(5), P. 359 - 382
Published: May 27, 2020
The word "cannabinoid" refers to every chemical substance, regardless of structure or origin, that joins the cannabinoid receptors body and brain have similar effects those produced by Cannabis plant based on their source production, cannabinoids can be classified into endocannabinoids, phytocannabinoids synthetic cannabinoids. Synthetic represent largest class drugs detected through EU Early Warning System with a total 190 substances notified from 2008 2018 about 280 been reported worldwide United Nations Office Drugs Crime. Sprayed natural herb mixtures aim mimic euphoria effect cannabis sold as "herbal smoking blends" incense" under brand names like "Spice" "K2", are available websites for combination herbal materials more recently, use in e-cigarettes. Currently labeled "not human consumption" circumvent legislation, legal status varies country many government institutions currently pushing control. However, due emergence new substances, it requires constant update list controlled drugs. Little is known how these work toxic humans same product could vary not only amount type substance added. In last years, associated deaths acute intoxications Europe and, despite range measures introduced this area, continue challenge current drug policy models. These much potent than cannabis, well displayed greater efficacy, acting full agonists at receptors. It possible that, along being highly potent, some may also long half-lives, potentially leading prolonged psychoactive effect. present provides review existing literature development abuse, patterns abuse status, classification, pharmacological toxicological properties.
Language: Английский
Citations
156
NeuroToxicology, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 74, P. 282 - 298
Published: Aug. 11, 2019
Language: Английский
Citations
142
Phytochemical Analysis, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 31(4), P. 413 - 457
Published: Dec. 17, 2019
Abstract Introduction Organic molecules that bind to cannabinoid receptors are called cannabinoids, and they have similar pharmacological properties like the plant, Cannabis sativa L. Hyphenated liquid chromatography (LC), incorporating high‐performance (HPLC) ultra‐performance (UPLC, also known as ultrahigh‐performance chromatography, UHPLC), usually coupled an ultraviolet (UV), UV‐photodiode array (PDA) or mass spectrometry (MS) detector, has become a popular analytical tool for analysis of naturally occurring cannabinoids in various matrices. Objective To review literature on use LC‐based methods published since 2010. Methodology A comprehensive search was performed utilising several databases, Web Knowledge, PubMed Google Scholar, other relevant materials including books. The keywords used, combinations, with being present all were , hemp, marijuana, analysis, HPLC, UHPLC, UPLC, quantitative, qualitative quality control. Results Since 2010, LC been reported. While simple HPLC‐UV HPLC‐UV‐PDA‐based common HPLC‐MS, HPLC‐MS/MS, UPLC (or UHPLC)‐UV‐PDA, UHPLC)‐MS UHPLC)‐MS/MS, used frequently. Applications mathematical computational models optimisation different protocols observed, pre‐analyses included environmentally friendly extraction protocols. Conclusions dominated during last 10 years, UHPLC shown be superior conventional HPLC methods.
Language: Английский
Citations
115
International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 21(10), P. 3495 - 3495
Published: May 15, 2020
E-cigarettes have a liquid that may contain flavors, solvents, and nicotine. Heating this generates an aerosol is inhaled into the lungs in process commonly referred to as vaping. E-cigarette devices can also cannabis-based products including tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), psychoactive component of cannabis (marijuana). use has rapidly increased among current former smokers well youth who never smoked. The long-term health effects are unknown, emerging preclinical clinical studies suggest e-cigarettes not be harmless cause cellular alterations analogous traditional tobacco smoke. Here, we review historical context components discuss toxicological similarities differences between cigarette smoke e-cigarette aerosol, with specific reference adverse respiratory outcomes. Finally, outline possible disorders associated vaping on pulmonary recent escalation acute lung injuries, which led declaration product use-associated injury (EVALI) outbreak. It clear there much about understood. Consequently, until more known vaping, individual factors need taken consideration include age, prior combustible products, whether user preexisting conditions such asthma chronic obstructive disease (COPD).
Language: Английский
Citations
105
Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 27(4), P. 383 - 401
Published: May 23, 2019
Cannabis and its pharmacologically active constituents, phytocannabinoids, have long been reported to multiple medicinal benefits. One association often by users is sedation subjective improvements in sleep. To further examine this association, we conducted a critical review of clinical studies examining the effects cannabinoids on objective measures PubMED, Web Science, Google Scholar were searched using terms synonyms related Articles chosen included randomized controlled trials open label studies. The Cochrane risk bias tool was used assess quality that compared with control interventions. current literature focuses mostly use tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and/or cannabidiol (CBD) treatment chronic health conditions such as sclerosis, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), pain. Sleep secondary, rather than primary outcome these Many reviewed suggested could improve sleep quality, decrease disturbances, onset latency. While many did show positive effect sleep, there are limiting factors small sample sizes, secondary context another illness, relatively few validated or measurements. This also identified several questions should be addressed future research. These include elucidation dichotomy between THC CBD, well identifying any long-term adverse cannabinoid use. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Language: Английский
Citations
94
Journal of Translational Medicine, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 18(1)
Published: Oct. 2, 2020
Abstract Background Cannabis has been documented for use in alleviating anxiety. However, certain research also shown that it can produce feelings of anxiety, panic, paranoia and psychosis. In humans, Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) associated with an anxiogenic response, while anxiolytic activity attributed mainly to cannabidiol (CBD). animal studies, the effects THC are highly dose-dependent, biphasic cannabinoids on anxiety-related responses have extensively documented. A more precise assessment is required both potentials phytocannabinoids, aim towards development ‘holy grail’ cannabis research, a medicinally-active formulation which may assist treatment anxiety or mood disorders without eliciting any effects. Objectives To systematically review studies assessing cannabinoid interventions (e.g. CBD whole interventions) animals as well recent epidemiological reporting from consumption. Method The articles selected this were identified up January 2020 through searches electronic databases OVID MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register Controlled Trials, PubMed, PsycINFO. Results Acute doses found reduce having effect at higher doses. Epidemiological tend support consumption either THC, plant cannabis. Conversely, available human clinical demonstrate common response (especially doses). Conclusion Based current data, therapies (containing primarily CBD) provide suitable people pre-existing potential adjunctive role managing stress-related disorders. further needed explore other phytochemical constituents present terpenes) interventions. Future trials involving patients warranted due small number studies.
Language: Английский
Citations
91
Molecules, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 25(18), P. 4036 - 4036
Published: Sept. 4, 2020
Cannabis is an annual plant with a long history of use as food, feed, fiber, oil, medicine, and narcotics. Despite realizing its true value, it has not yet found place. had many ups downs, now our turn to promote it. contains approximately 600 identified unidentified potentially useful compounds. Cannabinoids, phenolic compounds, terpenoids, alkaloids are some the secondary metabolites present in cannabis. However, among plethora unique chemical compounds this plant, most important ones phytocannabinoids (PCs). Over hundreds 21-22-carbon exclusively produce cannabis glandular hairs through either polyketide or deoxyxylulose phosphate/methylerythritol phosphate (DOXP/MEP) pathways. Trans-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) cannabidiol (CBD) those that first come mind while talking about Nevertheless, despite low concentration, cannabinol (CBN), cannabigerol (CBG), cannabichromene (CBC), tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), cannabidivarin (CBDV), cannabinodiol (CBND), cannabinidiol (CBDL) may have medical effects. PCs endocannabinoids (ECs) mediate their effects mainly CB1 CB2 receptors. all concerns regarding cannabis, nobody can ignore cannabinoids promising tonic, analgesic, antipyretic, antiemetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-epileptic, anticancer agents, which effective for pain relief, depression, anxiety, sleep disorders, nausea vomiting, multiple sclerosis, cardiovascular appetite stimulation. The scientific community public society increasingly accepted specifically hemp much more than recreational drug. There growing demands cannabinoids, CBD, diverse therapeutic nutritional properties veterinary human medicine. main objective review article historically summarize findings concerning THC towards putting these valuable into feed health baskets current future trends consumption products derived from
Language: Английский
Citations
72
The Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 63(1), P. 187 - 209
Published: Aug. 1, 2022
Synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) are a chemically diverse group of new psychoactive substances (NPSs) that target the endocannabinoid system, triggering plethora actions (e.g., elevated mood sensation, relaxation, appetite stimulation) resemble, but more intense than, those induced by cannabis. Although some these effects have been explored for therapeutic applications, anticipated stronger than cannabis and reduced risk perception increased recreational use SCs, which dominated NPS market in United States Europe over past decade. However, rising SC-related intoxications deaths represent major public health concern embody challenge policy makers. Here, we review pharmacology toxicology SCs. A thorough characterization SCs' pharmacodynamics toxicodynamics is important to better understand main mechanisms underlying acute chronic interpret clinical/pathological findings related SC use, improve awareness.
Language: Английский
Citations
51
Phytotherapy Research, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 37(4), P. 1526 - 1538
Published: Feb. 7, 2023
Abstract Medical cannabis has received significant interest in recent years due to its promising benefits the management of pain, anxiety, depression and neurological movement disorders. Specifically, major phytocannabinoids derived from plant such as (−) trans‐Δ 9 ‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) cannabidiol (CBD), have been shown be responsible for pharmacological therapeutic properties. Recently, these also attracted special attention cancer treatment their well‐known palliative chemotherapy‐induced nausea, vomiting, pain loss appetite along with anticancer activities. Despite enormous benefits, low aqueous solubility, high instability (susceptibility extensive first pass metabolism) poor systemic bioavailability restrict utilization at clinical perspective. Therefore, drug delivery strategies based on nanotechnology are emerging improve pharmacokinetic profile cannabinoids well enhance targeted delivery. Here, we critically review nano‐formulation systems engineered overcoming limitations native including polymeric lipid‐based nanoparticles (lipid nano capsules (LNCs), nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), nanoemulsions (NE) self‐emulsifying (SEDDS)), ethosomes cyclodextrins applications.
Language: Английский
Citations
40
Biomedicines, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 11(10), P. 2630 - 2630
Published: Sept. 25, 2023
Historically, cannabis has been valued for its pain-relieving, anti-inflammatory, and calming properties. Ancient civilizations like the Egyptians, Greeks, Chinese medicines recognized their therapeutic potential. The discovery of endocannabinoid system, which interacts with phytoconstituents, scientifically explained how affects human immune including central nervous system (CNS). This review explores evolving world cannabis-based treatments, spotlighting diverse applications. By researching current research clinical studies, we probe into cannabinoids Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) cannabidiol (CBD) help to manage conditions ranging from chronic pain, persistent inflammation, cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, neurological disorders even viral diseases such as Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV), SARS-CoV-2. emerging monkeypox. long-term recreational use can develop disorder (CUD), therefore, understanding factors contributing development maintenance addiction, genetic predisposition, neurobiological mechanisms, environmental influences, will be timely. Shedding light on adverse impacts CUD underscores importance early intervention, effective treatment approaches, public health initiatives address this complex issue in an landscape policies perceptions.
Language: Английский
Citations
34