Avian flu: «for whom the bell tolls»? DOI Creative Commons
Zhirnov Op, L'vov Dk

Problems of Virology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 69(2), P. 101 - 118

Published: May 6, 2024

The family Orthomyxoviridae consists of 9 genera, including Alphainfluenza virus, which contains avian influenza viruses. In two subtypes H5 and H7 besides common low-virulent strains, a specific type highly virulent virus have been described to cause more than 60% mortality among domestic birds. These variants are usually referred as «avian virus». difference between high (HPAI) low (LPAI) viruses is due the structure arginine-containing proteolytic activation site in hemagglutinin (HA) protein. was identified 100 years ago during this time they outbreaks wild birds on all continents only few local episodes disease humans XXI century. Currently, sharp increase incidence H5N1 subtype (clade h2.3.4.4b) has registered continents, accompanied by transmission various species mammals. recorded global rate wild, agricultural from approaching level 1 billion cases. A dangerous epidemic factor becoming frequent with mammals, particular seals marine lions North South America, minks fur-bearing animals Spain Finland, street cats Poland. clade h2.3.4.4b strains isolated mammals genetic signatures partial adaptation human body PB2, NP, HA, NA genes, play major role regulating aerosol host range virus. current situation poses real threat pre-adaptation intermediate hosts, followed transition pre-adapted into population catastrophic consequences.

Language: Английский

The Alarming Situation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses in 2019–2023 DOI Creative Commons
Zhiwei Zhang, Zhao Lei

Global Medical Genetics, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 11(03), P. 200 - 213

Published: June 28, 2024

Abstract Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have the potential to cause severe illness in wild birds, domestic poultry, and humans. The ongoing circulation of highly pathogenic avian (HPAIVs) has presented significant challenges global poultry industry public health recent years. This study aimed elucidate HPAIVs during 2019 2023. Specifically, we assess alarming spread continuous evolution HPAIVs. Moreover, discuss their transmission prevention strategies provide valuable references for future control measures against AIVs.

Language: Английский

Citations

4
Immunogenicity and Cross-Protective Efficacy Induced by an Inactivated Recombinant Avian Influenza A/H5N1 (Clade 2.3.4.4b) Vaccine against Co-Circulating Influenza A/H5Nx Viruses DOI Creative Commons
Sara H. Mahmoud, Ahmed Khalil,

Noura M. Abo Shama

et al.

Vaccines, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 11(9), P. 1397 - 1397

Published: Aug. 22, 2023

Controlling avian influenza viruses (AIVs) is mainly based on culling of the infected bird flocks or via implementation inactivated vaccines in countries where AIVs are considered to be endemic. Over last decade, several virus subtypes, including highly pathogenic (HPAI) H5N1 clade 2.2.1.2, H5N8 2.3.4.4b and recent 2.3.4.4b, have been reported among poultry populations Egypt. This demanded utilization a nationwide routine vaccination program sector. Antigenic differences between available currently circulating H5Nx strains were reported, calling for an updated vaccine homogenous strains. In this study, three generated by utilizing reverse genetic system: rgH5N1_2.3.4.4, rgH5N8_2.3.4.4 rgH5N1_2.2.1.2. Further, immunogenicity cross-reactivity assessed chicken model against panel homologous heterologous HPAIVs. Interestingly, rgH5N1_2.3.4.4 induced high specific-pathogen-free (SPF) could efficiently protect immunized chickens challenge infection with HPAIV H5N1_2.3.4.4, H5N8_2.3.4.4 H5N1_2.2.1.2. parallel, rgH5N1_2.2.1.2 partially SPF H5N1_2.3.4.4 H5N8_2.3.4.4. Conversely, raised antibodies provide full protection H5N8_2.3.4.4, partial (60%) Compared vaccines, vaccinated showed lower viral shedding following predefined These data emphasize superior cross-protective efficacy comparison

Language: Английский

Citations

10
Phylogeography and biological characterization of H12N2 virus isolated from whooper swan in Central China DOI Creative Commons
Pengfei Ren, Zhen Gao, Xing Li

et al.

Frontiers in Microbiology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 15

Published: Jan. 9, 2025

Wild birds and waterfowl serve as the natural reservoirs of avian influenza viruses (AIVs). When AIVs originating from wild cross species barriers to infect mammals or humans, they pose a significant threat public health. The H12 subtype primarily circulates in birds, with relatively few isolates reported worldwide, evolutionary biological characteristics remain largely unknown. In this study, we analyzed spatiotemporal distribution worldwide conducted comprehensive investigation into an H12N2 virus isolated whooper swan Central China. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that isolate belongs Eurasian lineage, its HA gene likely duck-derived H12N5 NA potentially derived H9N2 virus, indicating it is complex reassorted virus. Animal experiments domestic ducks chickens demonstrated replicates at low levels respiratory tract poultry exhibits moderate horizontal transmission ducks. However, capable efficient chickens. Mouse infection could be detected nasal turbinates lungs mice, can mice without prior adaptation. vitro studies efficiently MDCK cells, significantly higher titers than those DF1 cells. These findings, combined mouse results, suggest poses potential risk mammalian infection. This study provides valuable insights regarding highlights importance ongoing surveillance assessment birds.

Language: Английский

Citations

0
Detection and characterisation of high pathogenicity avian influenza virus (H5N1/H5N8) clade 2.3.4.4b, Hong Kong SAR, China, 2021 to 2024 DOI Creative Commons

Wanying Sun,

Ka Tim Choy,

Ka Man Cheng

et al.

Eurosurveillance, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 30(1)

Published: Jan. 9, 2025

We isolated three genotypes of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) clade 2.3.4.4b from wild birds infected with H5N1 (n = 12) and H5N8 1) in Hong Kong SAR 2021–2024. Viruses two spoonbills late 2022 were genetically related to a human China. Four tested viruses exhibited variable virulence mice but susceptible approved antivirals. No neutralising antibody was detected 63 age-stratified sera, suggesting potential risk should the adapt humans.

Language: Английский

Citations

0
HIGHLY PATHOGENIC AVIAN INFLUENZA VIRUS H5N1 IN DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANTS (NANNOPTERUM AURITUM) OF THE CHESAPEAKE BAY, USA DOI
Johanna A. Harvey, Jeffery D. Sullivan, Rebecca L. Poulson

et al.

Journal of Wildlife Diseases, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 61(2)

Published: May 16, 2025

Double-crested Cormorants (Nannopterum auritum) have historically exhibited low levels of infection and antibodies to avian influenza virus (AIV). The recent global expansion clade 2.3.4.4b A/goose/Guangdong/1/1996 highly pathogenic (HP) H5N1 (HPAI H5N1) has resulted in large-scale mortalities across diverse waterbird taxa including cormorants. We sampled 32 29 breeding the Chesapeake Bay, US, during summers 2023 2024, respectively, assess HPAI AIV antibodies. Although no mortality was observed area, one bird infected with H5N1. Additionally, 21/31 individuals 10/25 2024 for which sera were collected had Based on additional testing using hemagglutination inhibition, neutralization, an enzyme-linked lectin assay, 94 100% (2023 respectively) seropositive birds tested positive both H5 N1, suggesting previous These results are consistent survival limited clinical effects related infections. Furthermore, these suggest that population immunity within Bay might reduce future infections potential impacts should HP remain landscape, though may be waning time. Because based a single population, as well continued monitoring could enhance understanding antibody persistence.

Language: Английский

Citations

0
Dominant substitutions underlying the antigenic evolution of H5 influenza virus DOI Creative Commons
Qianqian Li, Aiping Wu, Youchun Wang

et al.

Research Square (Research Square), Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Feb. 26, 2025

Abstract Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5 viruses have recently been documented in mammals including humans, posing a major threat to global public health. To prevent potential pandemic, it is critical elucidate the antigenic evolutionary pattern and identify key drivers underlying its evolution. In this study, we constructed comprehensive map of spanning their history for first time, revealing three distinct clusters (AC1, AC2, AC3) with no cross-neutralization. contrast sequential genetic evolution, AC3 lies between AC1 AC2 space. This divergence stems from two mutation patterns at six amino acid positions: (1) persistent mutations positions 88 (N > R S), 199 (D N 205 (K D), (2) reversible 131 (Q L Q), 139 (S P 289 H N). Moreover, single can lead significant immune escape. The risk clade current interest, 2.3.4.4b belongs remains sensitive AC2-targeted vaccine strains. Additionally, clades 2.3.2.1c 2.3.4.4h are also prevalent capable human infection, necessitating continuous surveillance epidemiological dynamics. These findings not only reveal evolution mechanism unseen other viruses, but provide important guidance strain selection broad-spectrum development.

Language: Английский

Citations

0
Characteristics of the First Domestic Duck-Origin H12N8 Avian Influenza Virus in China DOI Open Access

Conghui Zhao,

Jiacheng Huang, Chunping Zhang

et al.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 26(6), P. 2740 - 2740

Published: March 18, 2025

The H12 subtypes of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are globally prevalent in wild birds, occasionally spilling over into poultry. In this study, we isolated an H12N8 virus from ducks a live poultry market. Full genomic analysis revealed that the bears single basic amino acid cleavage site hemagglutinin gene. Phylogenetic eight gene segments belong to Eurasian lineage and HA was clustered with bird-originated viruses, its NP showing highest nucleotide similarity 2013-like H7N9 viruses. replicated effectively both mammalian cells without prior adaptation. Moreover, could infect replicate upper respiratory tract BALB/c mice transmitted inefficiently chickens hardly triggered high hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody titers inoculated contact animals. These results suggest bird-origin has reassorted circulating domestic poultry, but it replicates transmits hosts. Our findings demonstrate AIV emerged emphasizing importance active surveillance AIVs birds.

Language: Английский

Citations

0
Identification and characterization of a broadly neutralizing and protective nanobody against the HA1 domain of H5 avian influenza virus hemagglutinin DOI Creative Commons
Siqi Xu, Y. H. Liu, C. L. Luo

et al.

Journal of Virology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: April 7, 2025

ABSTRACT The highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) of subtype H5, particularly those the currently circulating clades 2.3.2.1 and 2.3.4.4, are largely responsible for sporadic human infections that frequently present with a high case fatality rate. Consequently, there is an urgent necessity development advanced antiviral therapeutic options against H5 HPAIVs. Herein, yeast two-hybrid system was employed identifying seven nanobodies bind HA1 domain hemagglutinin (HA). Among these nanobodies, Nb10 found to exhibit high-affinity broad-spectrum neutralization capacity 2.3.4.4 under both in vitro vivo conditions. Surprisingly, exhibited excellent efficacy recombinant Re6/PR8, Re8/PR8, Re10/PR8, Re11/PR8, Re14/PR8 average half-maximal inhibitory concentrations ranging from 0.01 0.42 µg/mL microneutralization assay. Furthermore, intratracheal administration resulted remarkable prophylactic mice. findings herein reveal virus-neutralizing effect achieved by obstructing viral entrance into host cells. Moreover, Western blot analysis enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay revealed recognizes conformational epitope located region spanning amino acid residues 50–271 protein displayed on surface predicted structure binding pocket indicates conserved receptor-binding site HA1. Taken together, current study offers valuable insights protective therapeutics activity design broadly vaccines. IMPORTANCE HPAIVs have raised substantial public health concerns regarding potential adaptation sustained human-to-human transmission. prevention treatment disease replete numerous challenges due frequent antigenic alterations virus. Nanobodies significant clinical applications therapies owing their small size robust tissue-penetrating capabilities. we describe identification Nb10, nanobody effective 2.3.4.4. afforded protection mice infected This result provides novel rational pharmaceuticals. target may be useful more vaccinations H5.

Language: Английский

Citations

0
Avian influenza A(H5N6) virus detected during live-poultry market surveillance linked to a human infection in Changsha, China, from 2020 to 2023 DOI
Zheng Huang,

Rusheng Zhang,

Dong Yao

et al.

Archives of Virology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 170(5)

Published: April 9, 2025

Language: Английский

Citations

0
Unique Phenomenon of H5 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus in China: Co-circulation of Clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 and H5N6 results in diversity of H5 Virus DOI Creative Commons
Xuan Zhang, Yu-Jia Yang, Xinyu Han

et al.

Emerging Microbes & Infections, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: May 6, 2025

Recently, Clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 virus has been widely prevalent globally. Although no outbreaks of Avian Influenza have occurred in poultry China recently, H5 can still be isolated from wild birds, live markets and environment, indicating the ongoing co-circulation H5N6 viruses. In this study, phylogenetic analysis global viruses 20 laboratory-isolated strains revealed that Chinese since 2021 cluster into two distinct groups, G-I G-II. Bayesian phylodynamic reveals become an endemic China. contrast, G-II virus, with South as its main epicentre, disseminated surrounding countries, transmission more reliant on connections birds waterfowl. Reassortment indicates 2023, formed seven genotypes. The genome undergone changes compared to those previously Animal experiments shown exhibit significant lethality chickens. Additionally, certain capability systemic replication mice. It is noted HA genes derived demonstrate stronger virulence pathogenicity chickens mice Our study increased diversity viruses, making continuous surveillance essential.

Language: Английский

Citations

0