High number of HPAI H5 virus infections and antibodies in wild carnivores in the Netherlands, 2020–2022 DOI Creative Commons

Irina Chestakova,

Anne van der Linden,

Beatriz Bellido Martin

et al.

Emerging Microbes & Infections, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 12(2)

Published: Oct. 16, 2023

In October 2020, a new lineage of clade 2.3.4.4b HPAI virus the H5 subtype emerged in Europe, resulting largest global outbreak to date, with unprecedented mortality wild birds and poultry. The appears have become enzootic birds, continuously yielding novel variants. recently increased abundance infected worldwide increases probability bird-mammal contact, particularly carnivores. Here, we performed molecular serological screening over 500 dead carnivores sequencing RNA positive materials. We show virological evidence for infection 0.8%, 1.4%, 9.9% animals tested 2021, 2022 respectively, highest proportion positives foxes, polecats stone martens. obtained near full genomes 7 viruses detected PB2 amino acid substitutions known play role mammalian adaptation three sequences. Infections were also found without neurological signs or mortality. Serological was 20% study population. These findings suggests that high is but undetected current surveillance programmes. recommend susceptible mammals, irrespective encephalitis.

Language: Английский

Genomic characterization of highly pathogenic avian influenza A H5N1 virus newly emerged in dairy cattle DOI Creative Commons
Xiao Hu, Anugrah Saxena,

Drew R. Magstadt

et al.

Emerging Microbes & Infections, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 13(1)

Published: July 15, 2024

In March 2024, the emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A (H5N1) infections in dairy cattle was detected United Sates for first time. We genetically characterize HPAI viruses from showing an abrupt drop milk production, as well two cats, six wild birds, and one skunk. They share nearly identical genome sequences, forming a new genotype B3.13 within 2.3.4.4b clade. underwent reassortment events since 2023 exhibit critical mutations HA, M1, NS genes but lack PB2 PB1 genes, which enhance virulence or adaptation to mammals. The E627 K mutation human case associated with underscores potential rapid evolution post infection, highlighting need continued surveillance monitor public health threats.

Language: Английский

Citations

20
Experimental reproduction of viral replication and disease in dairy calves and lactating cows inoculated with highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b DOI
Amy L. Vincent Baker, Bailey Arruda, Mitchell V. Palmer

et al.

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: July 13, 2024

Abstract Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 of the hemagglutinin clade 2.3.4.4b was detected in United States late 2021 and continues to circulate all four North American flyways date. In addition impacting poultry, these HPAI viruses caused mortality events wild bird species mammals. Transmission multiple host raises concern for mammalian adaptation. On March 25, 2024, confirmed a dairy cow Texas response multi-state investigation into milk production losses. Over one hundred positive herds were rapidly identified eleven other U.S. states. The case description included reduced feed intake rumen motility lactating cows, decreased production, thick yellow milk. diagnostic revealed detections viral RNA mammary tissue with alveolar epithelial degeneration necrosis, immunoreactivity glandular epithelium by immunohistochemistry. A single transmission event, likely from cattle, followed limited local preceded onward lateral genotype B3.13. We sought experimentally reproduce infection B3.13 Holstein yearling heifers cows. inoculated an aerosol respiratory route cows intramammary route. Clinical disease mild heifers, but virus detection, lesions, seroconversion. motility, changes appearance, losses consistent field reports mastitis. Infection high levels milk, isolation, lesions tissue, This study provides foundation investigate additional routes infection, transmission, intervention strategies.

Language: Английский

Citations

18
Highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus (HPAIV) H5N1 infection in two European grey seals ( Halichoerus grypus ) with encephalitis DOI Creative Commons
Monica Mirolo, Anne Pohlmann, Ann Kathrin Ahrens

et al.

Emerging Microbes & Infections, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 12(2)

Published: Sept. 8, 2023

Recent reports documenting sporadic infections in carnivorous mammals worldwide with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b have raised concerns about the potential risk of adaptation to sustained transmission mammals, including humans. We report infection two grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) from coastal waters The Netherlands and Germany December 2022 February 2023, respectively. Histological immunohistochemical investigations showed both animals a non-suppurative necrotising encephalitis viral antigen restricted neuroparenchyma. Whole genome sequencing presence HPAIV strains brain tissue, which were closely related sympatric viruses. Viral RNA was also detected lung seal by real-time quantitative PCR. No other organs tested positive. mammalian PB2-E627K mutation identified approximately 40% population present tissue German seal. Retrospective screening for nucleoprotein-specific antibodies, sera collected 251 sampled this region 2020 did not show evidence A virus-specific antibodies. Similarly, reverse transcription PCR tissues 101 that had died along Dutch coast period 2020–2021, infection. Collectively, these results indicate individual are sporadically infected HPAIV-H5N1 2.3.4.4b, resulting an absence systemic infection, no thus far onward spread between seals.

Language: Английский

Citations

27
Epidemiological data of an influenza A/H5N1 outbreak in elephant seals in Argentina indicates mammal-to-mammal transmission DOI Creative Commons
Marcela Uhart, Ralph Eric Thijl Vanstreels, Martha I. Nelson

et al.

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 15(1)

Published: Nov. 11, 2024

H5N1 high pathogenicity avian influenza virus has killed thousands of marine mammals in South America since 2022. Here we report epidemiological data and full genome characterization clade 2.3.4.4b HPAI viruses associated with a massive outbreak southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) at Península Valdés, Argentina, October 2023. We also on concurrently dead terns. Our genomic analysis shows that from pinnipeds terns Argentina form distinct mammal Peru, Chile, Brazil Uruguay. Additionally, these share an identical set mammalian adaptation mutations which were present tern viruses. combined ecological phylogenetic support mammal-to-mammal transmission occasional mammal-to-bird spillover suggest multinational mammals. reflect becoming more evolutionary flexible adapting to new ways could have global consequences for wildlife, humans, and/or livestock.

Language: Английский

Citations

15
From birds to mammals: spillover of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus to dairy cattle led to efficient intra- and interspecies transmission DOI Creative Commons
Leonardo C. Caserta, Elisha Frye, Salman L. Butt

et al.

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: May 22, 2024

Infections with the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b virus have resulted in death of millions domestic birds and thousands wild U.S. since January, 2022. Throughout this outbreak, spillovers to mammals been frequently documented. Here, we report detection HPAI dairy cattle herds across several states The affected cows displayed clinical signs encompassing decreased feed intake, altered fecal consistency, respiratory distress, milk production abnormal milk. Infectious RNA were consistently detected collected from cows. Viral staining tissues revealed a distinct tropism for epithelial cells lining alveoli mammary gland Analysis whole genome sequences obtained cows, birds, cats, racoon farms indicated multidirectional interspecies transmissions. Epidemiologic genomic data efficient cow-to-cow transmission after healthy an farm transported premise different state. These results demonstrate at non-traditional interface new relevant livestock species, underscoring ability cross species barriers.

Language: Английский

Citations

14
The mammary glands of cows abundantly display receptors for circulating avian H5 viruses DOI Creative Commons
María Ríos Carrasco,

Andrea Gröne,

Judith M. A. van den Brand

et al.

Journal of Virology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 98(11)

Published: Oct. 10, 2024

ABSTRACT Influenza A viruses (IAVs) from the H5N1 2.3.4.4b clade are circulating in dairy farms USA.; ruminants were presumed not to be hosts for IAVs. Previously, IAV-positive mammalian species hunters and scavengers, possibly getting infected while feeding on birds. It is now recognized that circulate US cattle transmit through a mammary gland route, contrast transmission by aerosols via respiratory tract. The sialome cow tract so far solely defined using plant lectins. Here, we used recombinant HA proteins representing current classical H5 determine distribution of IAV receptors tissues cows. We complemented our study mapping glycan upper lower tracts horses pigs. Most lined with sialic acid modifications, such as N-glycolyl O-acetyl, which bound IAV. Interestingly, protein isolates significantly gland, whereas failed do so. Furthermore, 9-O-acetyl modification prominent all tested, 5-N-glycolyl not, resulting display avian hemagglutinins. This could explain high levels virus found these milk, adding supporting data this route. IMPORTANCE influenza viruses, usually affect birds, have been USA. Surprisingly, spreading among cows, there possibility they spread air but their milk glands. To understand better, studied how attaches cow’s glands specific viral proteins. cow-associated binds strongly glands, unlike older versions infecting might why suggesting new way spreading.

Language: Английский

Citations

11
Pigs are highly susceptible to but do not transmit mink-derived highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b DOI Creative Commons
Taeyong Kwon, Jessie D. Trujillo, Mariano Carossino

et al.

Emerging Microbes & Infections, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 13(1)

Published: May 7, 2024

Rapid evolution of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) is driven by antigenic drift but also reassortment, which might result in robust replication and transmission to mammals. Recently, spillover clade 2.3.4.4b HPAIV mammals including humans, their between mammal species has been reported. This study aimed evaluate the pathogenicity transmissibility a mink-derived H5N1 isolate from Spain pigs. Experimental infection caused interstitial pneumonia with necrotizing bronchiolitis high titers virus present lower respiratory tract 100% seroconversion. Infected pigs shed limited amount virus, importantly, there was no contact Notably, critical mammalian-like mutations such as PB2-E627K HA-Q222L emerged at low frequencies principal-infected It concluded that are susceptible provide favorable environment for acquire adaptations.

Language: Английский

Citations

10
The role of mammals in Avian Influenza: a review DOI Open Access
Flavia Occhibove,

Knauf Sascha,

Sauter‐Louis Carola

et al.

EFSA Supporting Publications, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 21(3)

Published: March 1, 2024

Avian influenza (AI) is an infectious viral disease of birds, including domestic poultry, which has been causing outbreaks worldwide, leading to several millions dead wild birds and culled poultry. AI mainly found in but recently, there was increase reported infections mammals, ranging from no symptoms mass mortality events some human cases. Epidemiologically great concern, evidence mammalian adaptations have found, the transmission routes pathogenesis mammals are still be defined. Hence, it paramount address all facets viruses epidemiology, investigating taxa not customarily thought involved and/or trafficking AI, such as mammals. The scope this report assess role virology pathology, i.e. maintenance, reservoir role, immunity, a potential pandemic. To do so, we performed all-encompassing review literature on topic with two-fold approach: systematic published cases narrative approach provide expert opinion spread. final number peer-reviewed papers included 76, resulting 120 unique infection records mammal species. most represented were order Carnivora. risk identified predation (or feeding) upon infected or contact avian Evidence mammal-to-mammal only circumstantial yet confirmed. Cases experimental findings discussed concerning pathology virology. Knowledge gaps pandemic drivers identified. In summary, although greater reported, hard for sustained wild. factors contributing increased carnivores clear yet, unprecedented global spread highly pathogenic (HPAI) creates ample opportunities intense, mostly alimentary, between carnivores. Close surveillance circulating strains continued assessment new epidemiological situations crucial quickly identify enhanced fitness.

Language: Английский

Citations

9
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus A(H5N1) Clade 2.3.4.4b Infection in Free-Ranging Polar Bear, Alaska, USA DOI Creative Commons
Raphaela Stimmelmayr, David S. Rotstein, Mia Kim Torchetti

et al.

Emerging infectious diseases, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 30(8)

Published: July 1, 2024

We report a natural infection with Eurasian highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b virus in free-ranging juvenile polar bear (Ursus maritimus) found dead North Slope Borough, Alaska, USA. Continued community and hunter-based participation wildlife health surveillance is key to detecting emerging pathogens the Arctic.

Language: Английский

Citations

9
Comparison of Contemporary and Historic Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus Replication in Human Lung Organoids DOI Creative Commons
Meaghan Flagg, Brandi N. Williamson,

Johan A. Ortiz-Morales

et al.

Emerging infectious diseases, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 31(2)

Published: Jan. 8, 2025

We compared virus replication and host responses in human alveolar epithelium infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) viruses. A/Vietnam/1203/2004 replicated most efficiently, followed by A/Texas/37/2024, then A/bovine/Ohio/B24OSU-342/2024. Induction of interferon-stimulated genes was lower A/Texas/37/2024 A/bovine/Ohio/B24OSU-342/2024, which may indicate a reduced disease severity those

Language: Английский

Citations

1