Avian influenza overview December 2023–March 2024

EFSA Journal, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 22(3)

Published: March 1, 2024

Between 2 December 2023 and 15 March 2024, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5) outbreaks were reported in domestic (227) wild (414) birds across 26 countries Europe. Compared to previous years, although still widespread, the overall number of HPAI virus detections was significantly lower, among other reasons, possibly due some level flock immunity previously affected bird species, resulting reduced contamination environment, a different composition circulating A(H5N1) genotypes. Most poultry primary following introduction by birds. Outside Europe, majority clustered North America, while spread more naïve populations on mainland Antarctica is particular concern. For mammals, A(H5N5) for first time goat kids United States America represented natural infection ruminants. Since last report as 12 five human infections, including one death, three which clade 2.3.2.1c viruses, have been Cambodia. China has two fatal case, with A(H5N6), four infections A(H9N2) case co-infection seasonal A(H3N2) A(H10N5). The latter documented Human remain rare no sustained human-to-human observed. risk currently H5 viruses 2.3.4.4b Europe remains low general population EU/EEA. moderate those occupationally or otherwise exposed infected animals.

Language: Английский

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The avian and human influenza A virus receptors sialic acid (SA)-α2,3 and SA-α2,6 are widely expressed in the bovine mammary gland

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: May 3, 2024

Abstract An outbreak of H5N1 highly pathogenic influenza A virus (HPIAV) has been detected in dairy cows the United States. Influenza (IAV) is a negative-sense, single-stranded, RNA that not previously associated with widespread infection cattle. As such, cattle are an extremely under-studied domestic IAV host species. receptors on cells sialic acids (SAs) bound to galactose either α2,3 or α2,6 linkage. Human IAVs preferentially bind SA-α2,6 (human receptor), whereas avian have preference for (avian receptor). The receptor can further be divided into two receptors: isolated from chickens generally more tightly SA-α2,3-Gal-β1,4 (chicken duck SA-α2,3-Gal-β1,3 (duck We found all were expressed, different degree, mammary gland, respiratory tract, and cerebrum beef and/or human widely expressed bovine chicken dominated tract. In general, only low expression was observed neurons cerebrum. These results provide mechanistic rationale high levels reported infected milk show potential act as mixing vessel novel generation. Graphical abstract Created Biorender.com

Language: Английский

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Avian influenza overview September–December 2023

EFSA Journal, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 21(12)

Published: Dec. 1, 2023

Between 2 September and 1 December 2023, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5) outbreaks were reported in domestic (88) wild (175) birds across 23 countries Europe.Compared to previous years, the increase number of HPAI virus detections waterfowl has been delayed, possibly due a later start autumn migration several bird species.Common cranes most frequently affected species during this reporting period with mortality events being described European countries.Most poultry primary following introduction by birds, exception Hungary, where two clusters involving secondary spread occurred.HPAI viruses identified Europe belonged eleven different genotypes, seven which new.With regard mammals, serological survey conducted all fur farms Finland revealed 29 additional serologically positive period.Wild mammals continued be mostly Americas, from further into Antarctic region was for first time.Since last report as three fatal one severe human A(H5N1) infection clade 2.3.2.1c have Cambodia, A(H9N2) China.No infections related animals reported, remain rare event.The risk currently circulating H5 2.3.4.4b remains low general population EU/EEA.The moderate occupationally or otherwise exposed people infected (wild domesticated); assessment covers situations that depend on level exposure.

Language: Английский

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The mammary glands of cows abundantly display receptors for circulating avian H5 viruses

Journal of Virology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 98(11)

Published: Oct. 10, 2024

ABSTRACT Influenza A viruses (IAVs) from the H5N1 2.3.4.4b clade are circulating in dairy farms USA.; ruminants were presumed not to be hosts for IAVs. Previously, IAV-positive mammalian species hunters and scavengers, possibly getting infected while feeding on birds. It is now recognized that circulate US cattle transmit through a mammary gland route, contrast transmission by aerosols via respiratory tract. The sialome cow tract so far solely defined using plant lectins. Here, we used recombinant HA proteins representing current classical H5 determine distribution of IAV receptors tissues cows. We complemented our study mapping glycan upper lower tracts horses pigs. Most lined with sialic acid modifications, such as N-glycolyl O-acetyl, which bound IAV. Interestingly, protein isolates significantly gland, whereas failed do so. Furthermore, 9-O-acetyl modification prominent all tested, 5-N-glycolyl not, resulting display avian hemagglutinins. This could explain high levels virus found these milk, adding supporting data this route. IMPORTANCE influenza viruses, usually affect birds, have been USA. Surprisingly, spreading among cows, there possibility they spread air but their milk glands. To understand better, studied how attaches cow’s glands specific viral proteins. cow-associated binds strongly glands, unlike older versions infecting might why suggesting new way spreading.

Language: Английский

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The mammary glands of cows abundantly display receptors for circulating avian H5 viruses

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: May 24, 2024

Abstract Influenza A viruses (IAV) from the H5N1 2.3.4.4b clade are circulating in dairy farms United States of America, and goat infections have also been reported. These ruminants were presumed not to be hosts for IAVs. Previously, IAV-positive mammalian species hunters scavengers, possibly getting infected while feeding on birds. It is now that circulate US cattle transmit through a mammary gland route, contrast transmission by aerosols via respiratory tract, although latter cannot excluded. The receptor display tract cows IAVs unknown. Here, we used recombinant HA proteins representing current classical H5 determine distribution IAV receptors tissues goats. Most sialome cow lined with sialic acid modifications such as N-glycolyl O-acetyl, which bound IAV. Interestingly, protein isolates significantly gland, whereas failed do so. Furthermore, 9-O-acetyl modification prominent all tested, 5-N-glycolyl not, resulting avian hemagglutinins. This could explain high levels virus found these milk, adding supporting data this possible route.

Language: Английский

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journey of the avian influenza virus H5N1 through 30 years of evolutionary events, geographical locations, and animal species

International Journal of Health Sciences, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 9(1), P. 89 - 108

Published: Jan. 22, 2025

Influenza viruses have caused outbreaks and pandemics throughout human history until Covid-19 been considered the group of with largest potential for pandemics. Avian influenza cause zoonotic diseases, including birds, mammals, humans. This review focuses on H5N1 because it is highly pathogenic generated most common clades among current ones (e.g. 2.3.4.4). Since first goose that was infected in Guangdong, China by A/Goose/Guangdong/1/96 (H5N1) 1996, has undergone many events reassortment other accumulated amino acid substitutions 10 proteins are encoded genome. The will follow through examples such evolutionary permitted virus to spread across world, as well animal species. Hallmark mutations permit or prevent selective binding receptors bird mammal host cells be identified. journey NorthAtlantic fly way from Europe North South America, culminating reported death United States explained. concludes state vaccines anti-virals an assessment author situation.

Language: Английский

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Experimental Infection of Rats with Influenza A Viruses: Implications for Murine Rodents in Influenza A Virus Ecology

Viruses, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 17(4), P. 495 - 495

Published: March 29, 2025

Rattus norvegicus (brown rat), a widely distributed rodent and common biomedical model, is known reservoir for many zoonotic pathogens but has not been traditionally recognized as host influenza A virus (IAV). To evaluate their susceptibility, we intranasally inoculated Sprague-Dawley rats with various IAV subtypes, including H5Nx, H7N9, H9N2, H10N8 the 2009 pandemic H1N1. All strains productively infected rats, inducing seroconversion without overt clinical signs. While replication efficiency varied, all viruses caused significant lung injury preferential tropism upper respiratory tract. Investigation of receptor distribution revealed predominance α2,3-linked sialic acid (SA) in nasal turbinates trachea, whereas α2,6-linked SA was more abundant lungs. Notably, both types coexisted throughout tract, aligning observed tissue-specific patterns broad viral infectivity. These findings demonstrate that are permissive hosts multiple challenging exclusion from ecology. The asymptomatic yet pathogenic nature infection, combined global synanthropy underscores potential role cryptic reservoirs maintenance transmission. This study highlights need expanded surveillance rodents ecology to mitigate risks.

Language: Английский

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A Spray Dried Replicon Vaccine Platform for Pandemic Response

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: April 16, 2025

ABSTRACT The recent COVID-19 pandemic, as well the threat of a global pandemic caused by H5N1 avian influenza virus, has highlighted need for development thermostable vaccines that can be manufactured and distributed rapidly to combat next pandemic. To address this need, we previously developed replicon vaccine platform utilizes nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) protect efficiently deliver antigen-expressing molecules in vivo . replicon-NLC uses readily sourced components at scale with potential stockpiling, thus enhancing preparedness. Spray drying is promising method desiccation reduced costs increased scale-up capabilities compared lyophilization. As proof concept, demonstrate first time successful spray complex designed against A virus enhance its long-term thermostability while maintaining immunogenicity an mouse model. Several glass-forming disaccharide excipients were screened formulation process compatibility under low-temperature conditions, it was determined suitable shell-forming excipient, L-leucine, necessary prevent excessive accumulation complexes on dry powder surface subsequent loss yield. dried powders chemically stable 1 month storage 40°C. Immunogenicity drug product also maintained least 3 months 4°C when administered intramuscularly into C57BL/6 mice reconstituted liquid. Finally, ability precisely control aerodynamic particle size generate are theoretically nasal or pulmonary delivery without reconstitution. This work establishes feasibility rapid response.

Language: Английский

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Avian Influenza Virus Infections in Felines: A Systematic Review of Two Decades of Literature

Open Forum Infectious Diseases, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 12(5)

Published: April 28, 2025

Abstract As an avian influenza virus (AIV) panzootic is underway, the threat of a human pandemic emerging. Infections among mammalian species in frequent contact with humans should be closely monitored. One family, Felidae, particular concern. Domestic cats are susceptible to AIV infection and provide potential pathway for zoonotic spillover humans. Here, we systematic review scientific literature describe epidemiology global distribution infections felines reported from 2004 2024. We identified 607 felines, including 302 associated deaths, comprising 18 countries 12 felid species. observed drastic flux number domestic 2023 2024, commensurate emergence H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b. estimate that this phenomenon underreported argue increased surveillance urgently needed.

Language: Английский

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Mitigating Risk: Predicting H5N1 Avian Influenza Spread with an Empirical Model of Bird Movement

Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 2024(1)

Published: Jan. 1, 2024

Understanding timing and distribution of virus spread is critical to global commercial wildlife biosecurity management. A highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAIv) panzootic, affecting ~600 bird mammal species globally over 83 million birds across North America (December 2023), poses a serious threat animals public health. We combined large, long‐term waterfowl GPS tracking dataset (16 species) with on‐ground disease surveillance data (county‐level HPAIv detections) create novel empirical model that evaluated spatiotemporal exposure predicted future potential arrival via tracked migratory through 2022. Our was effective for wild waterfowl, but predictions lagged detections in poultry facilities among some impacted nonmigratory species. results offer advance warning applied management planning demonstrate the importance utility extensive multispecies highlight high‐risk locations more effectively manage outbreaks.

Language: Английский

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