Veterinary Clinics of North America Food Animal Practice, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown
Published: April 1, 2025
Language: Английский
Science, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 386(6726), P. 1128 - 1134
Published: Dec. 5, 2024
In 2024, several human infections with highly pathogenic clade 2.3.4.4b bovine influenza H5N1 viruses in the United States raised concerns about their capability for bovine-to-human or even human-to-human transmission. this study, analysis of hemagglutinin (HA) from first-reported human-infecting virus (A/Texas/37/2024, Texas) revealed avian-type receptor binding preference. Notably, a Gln 226 Leu substitution switched Texas HA specificity to human-type receptors, which was enhanced when combined an Asn 224 Lys mutation. Crystal structures avian analog LSTa and its mutant LSTc elucidated structural basis preferential recognition. These findings highlight need continuous surveillance emerging mutations viruses.
Language: Английский
Citations
34
mBio, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown
Published: Nov. 13, 2024
Since the emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b as a novel reassortant from subtype H5N8, has led to massive number outbreaks worldwide in wild and domestic birds. Compared parental HPAIV H5N8 2.3.4.4b, displayed an increased ability escape species barriers infect multiple mammalian species, including humans. The host range been recently expanded include ruminants, particularly dairy cattle United States, where cattle-to-cattle transmission was reported. As with 2.3.4.4.b viruses, cattle-infecting found transmit other contact animals cats, raccoons, rodents, opossums, poultry. Although replication cows appears be mainly confined mammary tissue, high levels viral loads detected milk, infected cats poultry showed severe respiratory disease, neurologic signs, eventually died. Furthermore, several human infections have also reported farm workers were attributed exposures cattle. This is believed represent first mammalian-to-human report H5N1. Fortunately, infection humans cows, opposed animals, mild most cases. Nevertheless, bovine outbreak represents largest mammal close humans, increasing risk that this already adapted further adapts human-to-human starts pandemic. Herein, we discuss epidemiology, evolution, pathogenesis, potential impact identified States. Eventually, interdisciplinary cooperation under One Health framework required able control ongoing stop it before expansion its geographical distribution.
Language: Английский
Citations
26
The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 230(3), P. 533 - 542
Published: Sept. 15, 2024
Abstract Since the resurgence of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) virus, clade 2.3.4.4b, during 2021, these viruses have spread widely among birds worldwide, causing poultry outbreaks and infections a wide range terrestrial marine mammal species. During 2024, HPAI was detected in dairy cattle for first time caused an ongoing multistate outbreak, with high levels virus documented raw cow milk. Human 2.3.4.4b from exposures to infected or resulted spectrum illness severity, conjunctivitis mild respiratory severe fatal pneumonia different countries. Vigilance, stronger global virologic surveillance birds, poultry, mammals, humans, characterization rapid data sharing, is needed inform threat viruses, as they continue evolve, public health.
Language: Английский
Citations
24
EFSA Journal, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 22(7)
Published: July 1, 2024
Abstract Between 16 March and 14 June 2024, 42 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5) virus detections were reported in domestic (15) wild (27) birds across 13 countries Europe. Although the overall number of Europe has not been this low since 2019–2020 epidemiological year, HPAI viruses continue to circulate at a very level. Most poultry due indirect contact with birds, but there was also secondary spread. Outside Europe, situation intensified particularly USA, where new A(H5N1) genotype (B3.13) identified >130 dairy herds 12 states. Infection cattle appears be centred on udder, milk from infected animals showing high viral loads representing vehicle transmission. Apart cattle, two other mammal species (alpaca walrus) for first time. 20 human cases infection Vietnam (one A(H5N1), one A(H9N2)), Australia (with travel history India, A(H5N1)), USA (three China (two A(H5N6), three A(H9N2), A(H10N3)), India Mexico fatal A(H5N2) case). The latter case laboratory‐confirmed subtype A(H5N2). had exposure poultry, live markets, or prior detection onset illness. Human infections remain rare no human‐to‐human transmission observed. risk currently circulating clade 2.3.4.4b remains general public EU/EEA. low‐to‐moderate those occupationally otherwise exposed contaminated environments.
Language: Английский
Citations
22
Nature, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown
Published: Oct. 15, 2024
Language: Английский
Citations
21
Emerging Microbes & Infections, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 13(1)
Published: July 15, 2024
In March 2024, the emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A (H5N1) infections in dairy cattle was detected United Sates for first time. We genetically characterize HPAI viruses from showing an abrupt drop milk production, as well two cats, six wild birds, and one skunk. They share nearly identical genome sequences, forming a new genotype B3.13 within 2.3.4.4b clade. underwent reassortment events since 2023 exhibit critical mutations HA, M1, NS genes but lack PB2 PB1 genes, which enhance virulence or adaptation to mammals. The E627 K mutation human case associated with underscores potential rapid evolution post infection, highlighting need continued surveillance monitor public health threats.
Language: Английский
Citations
20
Emerging infectious diseases, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 30(9)
Published: Aug. 23, 2024
An outbreak of influenza A (H5N1) virus was detected in dairy cows the United States. We sialic acid -α2,3/α2,6-galactose host receptors bovine mammary glands by lectin histochemistry. Our results provide a rationale for high levels H5N1 milk from infected cows.
Language: Английский
Citations
20
bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown
Published: July 13, 2024
Abstract Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 of the hemagglutinin clade 2.3.4.4b was detected in United States late 2021 and continues to circulate all four North American flyways date. In addition impacting poultry, these HPAI viruses caused mortality events wild bird species mammals. Transmission multiple host raises concern for mammalian adaptation. On March 25, 2024, confirmed a dairy cow Texas response multi-state investigation into milk production losses. Over one hundred positive herds were rapidly identified eleven other U.S. states. The case description included reduced feed intake rumen motility lactating cows, decreased production, thick yellow milk. diagnostic revealed detections viral RNA mammary tissue with alveolar epithelial degeneration necrosis, immunoreactivity glandular epithelium by immunohistochemistry. A single transmission event, likely from cattle, followed limited local preceded onward lateral genotype B3.13. We sought experimentally reproduce infection B3.13 Holstein yearling heifers cows. inoculated an aerosol respiratory route cows intramammary route. Clinical disease mild heifers, but virus detection, lesions, seroconversion. motility, changes appearance, losses consistent field reports mastitis. Infection high levels milk, isolation, lesions tissue, This study provides foundation investigate additional routes infection, transmission, intervention strategies.
Language: Английский
Citations
18
mBio, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown
Published: Feb. 11, 2025
ABSTRACT In March 2024, highly pathogenic H5N1 was detected in dairy cows; as of 12 December it had spread to over 800 herds 16 states. The ongoing outbreak is a public health crisis affecting both humans and animals, interspecies transmission has emerged common characteristic this virus. As >30 have been infected the United States related cow exposure. mGem, we discuss modalities between cows within herds, virus farms, exposure risks for humans. We also highlight major gaps knowledge constituting barriers our ability effectively control reduce
Language: Английский
Citations
2
bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown
Published: Aug. 2, 2024
Abstract Clade 2.3.4.4b highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza (HPAI) viruses started circulating widely in lactating dairy cattle the United States at end of 2023. Avian enter cells after binding to glycan receptors with terminally linked α2-3 sialic acid, whereas human typically bind α2-6 acid upper respiratory tract. Here, we evaluated receptor properties hemagglutinin (HA) trimers from a clade isolate (A/American Wigeon/South Carolina/22-000345-001/2021) and (A/dairy cattle/Texas/24-008749-002-v/2024). Using two different methods, found that both H5s bound efficiently no detectable acid. Our data suggest poorly receptors. It will be important continue evaluating these as they evolve cattle.
Language: Английский
Citations
13