[Short Communication] Immunology of a Morbillivirus: Measles 1954 to 2023 DOI Creative Commons
Brent Brown

Published: Nov. 23, 2023

Measles is a virus, abbreviated to MeV, thought have existed around 4000 years ago affecting predominantly infants but also immunocompromised individuals and others remaining public health issue. The causal virion defined biologically within the Family _Paramyxoviridae_, Genus _Morbillivirus_ Species _MeaslesMorbillivirus. _Similar other infections, MeV an airborne infection with composed of RNA genome code encoding for eight predominant proteins. first isolation occurred in 1954 known as “Edmonston strain” from David Edmonston, student at Fay School Boston. lack antigenic variation by particle discovered since suggestive that third pathogen potential be eradicated requires further research. In knowledge immune system had only just started emerging. Immune cells traverse barriers glycocalyx endothelial surface layer (GC-ESL) requiring stimulation restrict viral replication through challenge respiratory epithelial cell layers. different phenotypes regulate inhibitory stimulatory proteins like cytokines, chemokines well adhesion molecules receptors transversing permeable organ tissues lymphoid system. Here discussion contextual innate adaptive responses or immunisation. Potential explanations elucidate this regard past, present, future research are considered. This outline will provide key insights useful researchers, clinicians academics future.

Language: Английский

[Review] Understanding the Measles Virus at 70 Years: From Cellular Mechanisms to Immunisation, 1954-2024 DOI
Brent Brown, Ingo Fricke, Chinua Imarogbe

et al.

Published: July 16, 2024

Measles virus (_Morbillivirus_ abbreviated as MV, but more recently MeV) is the causal agent of disease, thought to have existed at least 4000 years ago, affecting predominantly infants, also immunocompromised individuals and others remaining a public health issue today globally. In this review, we are discussing historical background about MeV infection modern–day research, then delving into disease what known immunisation against disease. We elucidate viral structure function proteins. The genomic stability particle suggestive that third pathogen with potential be eradicated (after Variola Rinderpest viruses) requires further biological immunological clarification. Here therefore covers bow from mechanism clinical aspects touching topics like cellular receptor–associated factors immunology infection. highlight actual knowledge innate immune response during infection, including chemokine cytokine expression finalised by current understanding adaptive responses MeV.

Language: Английский

Citations

0
[Short Communication] Measles: 1963-2023, Immunology of a Morbillivirus DOI Creative Commons
Brent Brown

Published: Nov. 6, 2023

Measles is a virus, abbreviated to MeV, that has long been known be causal in infant disease and affect mortality, remaining public health issue of priority. The virion defined biologically within the Family _Paraxmyxoviridae_, Genus _Morbillivirus_ Species _MeaslesMorbillivirus. _Similar other viral infections, MeV an airborne infection with particle composed negative (-ve) sense single-stranded (ss) ribonucleic acid (RNA) genome code, around 15-16kb size, encoding for eight predominant proteins. first isolation occurred 1954, as “Edmonston strain”. A team at Boston Children’s Hospital comprised John Franklin Enders others who isolated from 13-year-old serum sample. Alongside Samuel Katz notably Maurice Hilleman, this led development live attenuated vaccine, when 1971, trivalent mumps, measles rubella (MMR) vaccine was licensed use immunisation programmes United States America (USA). Shortly after, 1980, eradication Smallpox confirmed by World Health Organisation (WHO), which had debilitating pathogen 20th century. then considered cause 2.6 million deaths each year. Around 1986, haemagglutinin (H) protein crystallised _in vitro_. introduction MMR previously after reduced mortality 110,000 annually. rates since 2017 have rising largely preventable through programs evoke immune system responses. (VARV) Rinderpest virus (RPV), member same Morbillivirus genus remain only animal pathogens eradicated. lack antigenic variation suggestive remains third potentially Here discussion contextual immunological characteristics elucidate further.

Language: Английский

Citations

0
[Short Communication] Immunology of a Morbillivirus: Measles 1954 to Current DOI Creative Commons
Brent Brown

Published: Nov. 20, 2023

Measles is a virus, abbreviated to MeV, thought have existed around 4000 years ago that has long been known be causal in infant disease affecting mortality and remaining public health issue. The virion defined biologically within the Family _Paraxmyxoviridae_, Genus _Morbillivirus_ Species _MeaslesMorbillivirus. _Similar other infections, MeV an airborne infection with particle composed of negative (-ve) sense single–stranded (ss) ribonucleic acid (RNA) genome code, 15-16kb size, encoding for eight predominant proteins. first isolation occurred 1954 as “Edmonston strain” from David Edmonston, student at Fay School Boston. lack antigenic variation by suggestive third pathogen potential eradicated requires further research. In knowledge immune system had only just started emerging. Just prior, 1948, pioneer Mark Adams examined how 7 bacterial viruses could inactivated through gas/liquid exchange bubbling nitrogen over _Escherichia coli. _This occurs barriers glycocalyx endothelial surface layer (GC-ESL) together immunological cell phenotypes can restrict viral replication respiratory epithelial layers affected MeV. Other proteins like cytokines, chemokines well adhesion molecules receptors direct systems. Therefore it was then observed preventative chemical inactivate pathogenic infection. Here discussion contextual characteristics during Potential explanations elucidate this regards past, present, future research are considered. This outline will provide key insights useful researchers, clinicians academics future.

Language: Английский

Citations

0
[Short Communication] Immunology of a Morbillivirus: Measles 1954 to 2023 DOI Creative Commons
Brent Brown

Published: Nov. 23, 2023

Measles is a virus, abbreviated to MeV, thought have existed around 4000 years ago affecting predominantly infants but also immunocompromised individuals and others remaining public health issue. The causal virion defined biologically within the Family _Paramyxoviridae_, Genus _Morbillivirus_ Species _MeaslesMorbillivirus. _Similar other infections, MeV an airborne infection with composed of RNA genome code encoding for eight predominant proteins. first isolation occurred in 1954 known as “Edmonston strain” from David Edmonston, student at Fay School Boston. lack antigenic variation by particle discovered since suggestive that third pathogen potential be eradicated requires further research. In knowledge immune system had only just started emerging. Immune cells traverse barriers glycocalyx endothelial surface layer (GC-ESL) requiring stimulation restrict viral replication through challenge respiratory epithelial cell layers. different phenotypes regulate inhibitory stimulatory proteins like cytokines, chemokines well adhesion molecules receptors transversing permeable organ tissues lymphoid system. Here discussion contextual innate adaptive responses or immunisation. Potential explanations elucidate this regard past, present, future research are considered. This outline will provide key insights useful researchers, clinicians academics future.

Language: Английский

Citations

0