Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Comprehensive Review of Pathophysiology, Comorbidities, and Emerging Therapies

Comprehensive physiology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 15(1)

Published: Feb. 1, 2025

ABSTRACT Humans are perhaps evolutionarily engineered to get deeply addicted sugar, as it not only provides energy but also helps in storing fats, which survival during starvation. Additionally, sugars (glucose and fructose) stimulate the feel‐good factor, they trigger secretion of serotonin dopamine brain, associated with reward sensation, uplifting mood general. However, when consumed excess, contributes imbalance, weight gain, obesity, leading onset a complex metabolic disorder, generally referred diabetes. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one most prevalent forms diabetes, nearly affecting all age groups. T2DM clinically diagnosed cardinal sign chronic hyperglycemia (excessive sugar blood). Chronic hyperglycemia, coupled dysfunctions pancreatic β‐cells, insulin resistance, immune inflammation, further exacerbate pathology T2DM. Uncontrolled T2DM, major public health concern, significantly toward progression several micro‐ macrovascular diseases, such diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular including cancer. The current review discusses epidemiology, causative factors, pathophysiology, comorbidities, existing emerging therapies related It future roadmap for alternative drug discovery management

Language: Английский

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Gut microbiota and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a focus on the gut-brain axis

Endocrine, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 84(1), P. 1 - 15

Published: Jan. 16, 2024

Language: Английский

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Interactions between Gut Microbiota and Oral Antihyperglycemic Drugs: A Systematic Review

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 25(6), P. 3540 - 3540

Published: March 21, 2024

The intestinal microbiota refers to the collection of microorganisms that exist in human gut. It has been said bacteria influence development metabolic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, they have roles immunomodulation, protection against pathogens, blood vessel growth, repairing wall, and neurological system. In this review, we look at latest research regarding interactions between gut oral antihyperglycemic drugs present data suggesting microbiome may help counteract reduced glucose tolerance insulin resistance associated with disorders. We found antidiabetic can significant impacts on composition function, potentially influencing both efficacy side effects these medications. Additionally, discovered microbial-based therapeutics, including probiotics, prebiotics, postbiotics, fecal be considered when discussing preventive measures personalized treatment options for type 2 mellitus. Understanding how modulate function is essential optimizing their therapeutic minimizing potential adverse effects. relationship glycemic agents, not fully understood, currently subject increasing discussion. proven impact effectiveness medications, but further field uncover novel strategies other disorders by targeting microbiota.

Language: Английский

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Gut Microbiota Targeted Approach by Natural Products in Diabetes Management: An Overview

Current Nutrition Reports, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 13(2), P. 166 - 185

Published: March 18, 2024

Language: Английский

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Dietary oxygenated water mitigates type 2 diabetes mellitus by modulating gut microbiota and enhancing glucose metabolism in skeletal muscle

Food Bioscience, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 105110 - 105110

Published: Sept. 1, 2024

Language: Английский

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Overview of relationship between intestinal flora imbalance and diseases

Shijie huaren xiaohua zazhi, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 32(4), P. 280 - 284

Published: April 28, 2024

Language: Английский

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