The moulting arthropod: a complete genetic toolkit review

Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 99(6), P. 2338 - 2375

Published: July 22, 2024

ABSTRACT Exoskeletons are a defining character of all arthropods that provide physical support for their segmented bodies and appendages as well protection from the environment predation. This ubiquitous yet evolutionarily variable feature has been instrumental in facilitating adoption variety lifestyles exploitation ecological niches across environments. Throughout radiation produced more than one million described modern species, adaptability afforded by segmentation exoskeletons led to diversity is unrivalled amongst animals. However, because limited extensibility exoskeleton chitin cuticle components, they must be periodically shed replaced with new larger ones, notably accommodate growing individuals encased within. Therefore, grow discontinuously undergoing periodic moulting events, which follow series steps preparatory pre‐moult phase ecdysis itself post‐moult maturation exoskeletons. Each event represents particularly vulnerable period an arthropod's life cycle, so processes tightly regulated meticulously executed ensure successful transitions normal growth development. Decades research representative foundation understanding mechanisms involved. Building on this, studies continue develop test hypotheses presence function molecular including neuropeptides, hormones, receptors, so‐called early, late, fate genes, arthropod diversity. Here, we review literature comprehensive overview status accumulated knowledge genetic toolkit governing moulting. From biosynthesis regulation ecdysteroid sesquiterpenoid factors involved hormonal stimulation responses remodelling, identify commonalities differences, highlighting major gaps, groups. We examine available evidence supporting current models how components operate together prepare for, execute, recover ecdysis, comparing reports Chelicerata, Myriapoda, Crustacea, Hexapoda. Evidence generally highly taxonomically imbalanced, most based insect study systems. Biases also evident different phases processes, early triggers late effectors being least explored. Our synthesis contrasts reported observations reasonably plausible assumptions given taxonomic sampling, exposes weak or gaps need addressing. Encouragingly, advances genomics driving diversification tractable systems cataloguing putative toolkits previously under‐explored taxa. Analysis genome transcriptome data supported experimental investigations have validated “ultra‐conserved” core genes processes. The machinery likely evolved elaborations this conserved pathway backbone, but exploration needed characterise lineage‐specific changes novelties. Furthermore, linking these transformative innovations Arthropoda remains hampered untested assumptions. Promisingly however, emerging framework highlights avenues underlying genetics dynamic biology through complex physiology

Language: Английский

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Identification and characterization of neuropeptides in sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius

General and Comparative Endocrinology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 114716 - 114716

Published: March 1, 2025

Language: Английский

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The moulting arthropod: a complete genetic toolkit review

Published: Jan. 13, 2024

Exoskeletons are a defining character of all arthropods that provide physical support for their segmented bodies and appendages as well protection from the environment predation. This ubiquitous yet evolutionarily variable feature has been instrumental in facilitating adoption variety lifestyles exploitation ecological niches across environments. Throughout radiation Arthropoda produced more than one million described modern species, adaptability afforded by segmentation exoskeletons led to diversity is unrivalled amongst animals. However, because cannot grow, they must be periodically shed replaced with new larger ones accommodate growing individuals encased within. Arthropods therefore undergo periodic moulting events, which follow series steps preparatory pre-moult phase ecdysis itself post-moult maturation exoskeleton. Each event represents particularly vulnerable period an arthropod’s life cycle, so process tightly regulated meticulously executed ensure successful transitions normal growth development. Decades research representative foundation understanding mechanisms involved. Building on this, studies continue develop test hypotheses presence function molecular components, including neuropeptides, hormones, receptors, so-called early, late, fate genes, arthropod diversity. Here, we review literature comprehensive overview current status accumulated knowledge genetic toolkit governing moulting. From biosynthesis regulation ecdysteroid sesquiterpenoid factors involved hormonal stimulation responses exoskeleton remodelling, identify commonalities differences, highlighting major gaps, groups. We examine available evidence supporting models how components operate together prepare for, execute, recover ecdysis, comparing reports Chelicerata, Myriapoda, Crustacea, Hexapoda. Evidence generally highly taxonomically imbalanced, most based insect study systems. Biases also evident different phases processes, early triggers late effectors being least explored. Our synthesis contrasts reported observations reasonably plausible assumptions given taxonomic sampling, exposes weak or gaps need addressing. Encouragingly, advances genomics driving diversification tractable systems cataloguing putative toolkits previously under-explored taxa. Analysis genome transcriptome data supported experimental investigations have validated “ultra-conserved” core genes. The machinery likely evolved elaborations this conserved pathway backbone, but exploration needed characterise lineage-specific changes novelties. Furthermore, linking these transformative innovations processes remains hampered untested assumptions. Promisingly however, emerging framework highlights avenues underlying genetics dynamic biology through complex physiology

Language: Английский

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Novel regulation pathway of eclosion hormones in Tribolium castaneum by distinct transcription factors through the initiation of 20-Hydroxyecdysone

Journal of Biological Chemistry, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 107898 - 107898

Published: Oct. 1, 2024

Language: Английский

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