Cerebrospinal fluid viral etiology of patients with suspected central nervous system infections during the COVID-19 outbreak

Research Square (Research Square), Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: April 14, 2023

Abstract Purpose: Although viral etiology of central nervous system (CNS) infections such as meningitis and encephalitis are investigated widely worldwide, it remains to be declared under the COVID-19 pandemic. In this study, we aimed investigate CNS in patients hospitalized a single referral hospital during outbreak Iran. Methods: We retrospectively collected CSF samples reviewed medical records with suspected infection Shiraz, large city southern Iran, from April 2021 May 2022. One hundred sixty-six cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were tested primarily for detection HSV 1 2 analyzed by primers PCR targeted coronavirus (SARS-COV-2), human herpesviruses 6 (HHV-1 -6), polyomaviruses JC, enteroviruses (EV). Results: Of total PCR, 22 (13.3%) positive only one pathogen, just (0.6%) sample was detected multiple viruses (HSV-1 CMV). The SARS-COV-2 (n=6) second most common after Herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) 6.6% (11 cases). Other CMV 1.8% (3), VZV 1.2 % (2), JC 0.6% (1) cases. Conclusion: According above, spread pandemic, alongside HSV-1, CMV, significant. As result, can play an essential role development CNS-related diseases, which required urgent diagnosis treatment.

Language: Английский

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Spatiotemporal Analysis of HIV/AIDS Incidence in China From 2009 to 2019 and Its Association With Socioeconomic Factors: Geospatial Study (Preprint)

Published: Jan. 10, 2024

The Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) has set the “95-95-95” targets to ensure that 95% of all people living with HIV will know their status, receive sustained antiretroviral therapy (ART), and receiving ART achieve viral suppression (<1000 copies/mL). However, few countries have currently achieved these targets, posing challenges realization UNAIDS goal eliminate global epidemic by 2030. Chinese government implemented corresponding policies for prevention control; however, it still faces challenge a large number cases. Existing research predominantly focuses study particular region or population in China, there is relatively limited macro-level analysis spatiotemporal distribution across China its association socioeconomic factors. This seeks identify impact factors incidence aiming provide scientific recommendations future policy development. employed ArcGIS 10.2 (Esri) spatial analysis, encompassing measures such as imbalance index, geographical concentration autocorrelation (Moran I), hot spot (Getis-Ord Gi*). These methods were used unveil characteristics 31 provinces from 2009 2019. Geographical Detector was ecological detection, risk area factor interaction detection. focused 9 selected indicators further investigate influence China. 2019 revealed distinct patterns. type random 2009-2010. 2011 2019, pattern evolved toward clustered arrangement, degree clustering increasing each year. Notably, 2012 onwards, significant rapid growth aggregation cold clusters stabilizing only year 2016. An highlighted “urbanization rate” “urban basic medical insurance fund expenditure” primary influencing incidence. Additionally, among social factors, related resources exerted crucial From influenced various In future, imperative optimize combination different based regional optimization facilitate formulation address posed epidemic.

Language: Английский

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Immune Responses in Infections of the Central Nervous System

Published: Jan. 1, 2023

The neurological invasion of pathogens into the central nervous system (CNS) causes inflammatory host–cell interactions, which inexplicably control pathogens' ability to replicate or be removed from host. Undoubtedly, pathogen's mechanism entering CNS determines how immune response develops. portal entry and types determine exact in CNS. Furthermore, immunological cellular interactions within this kind ecosystem encourage expression mediators, has an acute impact on neuronal function at level. An increase neutrophil chemoattractant molecules (like CXCL2), adhesion (ICAM), complement C5a is observed if pathogen happens. Antigen-presenting cells are present both meninges choroid plexus support ongoing stimulation T upon viral fungal infections. However, high levels TH1 cell cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor, interferon, IL-1, may potentially cause sustained cognitive impairment even after eradication neurotropic pathogens. Autoimmune diseases could better treated once molecular mimicry due infections clearly understood.

Language: Английский

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The specifics of encephalitis after COVID-19

Medicine of Extreme Situations, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 2023(4)

Published: Dec. 1, 2023

Encephalitis is a group of acute infectious diseases affecting the substance brain. They often lead to disability or death, and, therefore, require urgent medical attention. The article discusses etiology, pathogenesis, and clinical picture encephalitis, with special attention course this disease after COVID-19 pandemic. We note growing number encephalitis cases, especially autoimmune variety those caused by herpes. possible reason behind trend disruption operation immune system brought COVID-19, which manifests as cytokine storm, neuroinflammation, reactions. There are cases COVID-19-dependent described. pathways taken SARS-CoV-2 penetrate into cells central nervous have not yet been fully studied, although there hypotheses that happens both trans-synaptically through mechanoreceptors chemoreceptors respiratory medulla oblongata, receptors angiotensin converting enzyme 2.

Language: Английский

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