Antioxidants,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
12(1), P. 98 - 98
Published: Dec. 30, 2022
Retinitis
pigmentosa
(RP)
is
the
most
common
inherited
retinal
dystrophy
causing
progressive
vision
loss.
It
accompanied
by
chronic
and
sustained
inflammation,
including
M1
microglia
activation.
This
study
evaluated
effect
of
an
essential
fatty
acid
(EFA)
supplement
containing
specialized
pro-resolving
mediators
(SPMs),
on
degeneration
activation
in
rd10
mice,
a
model
RP,
as
well
LPS-stimulated
BV2
cells.
The
EFA
was
orally
administered
to
mice
from
postnatal
day
(P)9
P18.
At
P18,
electrical
activity
retina
examined
electroretinography
(ERG)
innate
behavior
response
light
were
measured.
Retinal
studied
via
histology
TUNEL
assay
immunolabeling.
Microglia
polarization
(M1/M2)
assessed
flow
cytometry,
qPCR,
ELISA
histology.
Redox
status
analyzed
measuring
antioxidant
enzymes
markers
oxidative
damage.
Interestingly,
ameliorated
dysfunction
improving
ERG
recording
sensitivity
light,
reducing
photoreceptor
cell
reduced
inflammation
attenuating
inducing
shift
M2
phenotype
mouse
retinas
also
stress
lipid
peroxidation
carbonylation.
These
findings
could
open
up
new
therapeutic
opportunities
based
resolving
with
oral
supplementation
SPMs
such
supplement.
Molecular Neurodegeneration,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
17(1)
Published: Sept. 24, 2022
Abstract
ApoE
is
the
major
lipid
and
cholesterol
carrier
in
CNS.
There
are
three
human
polymorphisms,
apoE2,
apoE3,
apoE4,
genetic
expression
of
APOE4
one
most
influential
risk
factors
for
development
late-onset
Alzheimer's
disease
(AD).
Neuroinflammation
has
become
third
hallmark
AD,
together
with
Amyloid-β
plaques
neurofibrillary
tangles
hyperphosphorylated
aggregated
tau
protein.
This
review
aims
to
broadly
extensively
describe
differential
aspects
concerning
apoE.
Starting
from
evolution
apoE
how
APOE's
single-nucleotide
polymorphisms
affect
its
structure,
function,
involvement
during
health
disease.
reflects
on
impact
critical
AD
pathology,
such
as
neuroinflammatory
response,
particularly
effect
APOE
astrocytic
microglial
function
dynamics,
synaptic
amyloid-β
load,
autophagy,
cell–cell
communication.
We
discuss
affecting
pathology
combined
genotype,
sex,
age,
diet,
physical
exercise,
current
therapies
clinical
trials
field.
The
genotype
other
neurodegenerative
diseases
characterized
by
overt
inflammation,
e.g.,
alpha-
synucleinopathies
Parkinson's
disease,
traumatic
brain
injury,
stroke,
amyotrophic
lateral
sclerosis,
multiple
also
addressed.
Therefore,
this
gathers
relevant
findings
related
up
date
implications
CNS
pathologies
provide
a
deeper
understanding
knowledge
Frontiers in Endocrinology,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
14
Published: Jan. 23, 2023
Neovascular
glaucoma
(NVG)
is
a
devastating
secondary
characterized
by
the
appearance
of
neovascular
over
iris
and
proliferation
fibrovascular
tissue
in
anterior
chamber
angle.
Proliferative
diabetic
retinopathy
(PDR)
one
leading
causes
NVG.
Currently
increasing
diabetes
population
drive
prevalence
rate
NVG
into
fast-rising
lane.
The
pathogenesis
underlying
makes
it
refractory
to
routine
management
for
other
types
clinical
practice.
combination
panretinal
photocoagulation
(PRP),
anti-vascular
endothelial
growth
factor
(VEGF)
injections,
anti-glaucoma
drugs,
surgical
intervention
as
well
blood
glucose
control
needed.
Early
diagnosis
aggressive
treatment
time
are
crucial
halting
neovascularization
process
preserving
vision.
This
review
provides
an
overview
(DR),
including
epidemiology,
management,
so
provide
better
understanding
potential
therapeutic
strategies
future
treatment.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
24(15), P. 12090 - 12090
Published: July 28, 2023
The
eye
is
an
immune
privileged
tissue
that
insulates
the
visual
system
from
local
and
systemic
provocation
to
preserve
homeostatic
functions
of
highly
specialized
retinal
neural
cells.
If
privilege
breached,
stimuli
will
invade
subsequently
trigger
acute
inflammatory
responses.
Local
resident
microglia
become
active
release
numerous
immunological
factors
protect
integrity
Although
responses
are
necessary
control
eradicate
insults
eye,
chronic
inflammation
can
cause
damage
cell
dysfunction,
leading
ocular
disease
vision
loss.
In
this
review,
we
summarized
features
in
retina
key
responses,
factors,
intracellular
pathways
activated
when
fails,
as
well
a
highlight
recent
clinical
research
advances
immunity
vascular
diseases
including
retinopathy
prematurity,
age-related
macular
degeneration,
diabetic
retinopathy.
International Immunopharmacology,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
149, P. 114192 - 114192
Published: Feb. 3, 2025
Retinitis
pigmentosa
(RP)
is
an
inherited
retinal
neurodegenerative
disease
which
a
significant
contributor
to
blindness.
Microglia-mediated
inflammation
plays
crucial
role
in
retinitis
pigmentosa.
However,
the
activation
mechanisms
of
microglia
and
polarized
RP
remain
unclear.
High-mobility
group
box
1
(HMGB1)
key
aseptic
inflammation,
glycyrrhizin
exerts
anti-inflammatory
effects
by
targeting
HMGB1.
This
study
aimed
investigate
HMGB1
explore
protective
on
photoreceptors.
Male
C57BL/6
mice
age-matched
rd1
were
used
for
vivo
models,
while
zaprinast-treated
661w
cells
HMGB1-treated
BV-2
vitro
models.
In
this
study,
expression
was
analyzed
using
QPCR
western
blot
(WB).
Immunofluorescence
staining
ELISA
performed
assess
translocation
secretion.
Glycyrrhizin
inhibit
HMGB1,
FPS-ZM1
served
as
inhibitor
receptor
advanced
glycation
end
products
(AGER).
Microglial
polarization
evaluated
QPCR,
HMGB1/
AGER/
NF-κB
signaling
pathway
through
WB.
Photoreceptor
degeneration
visual
function
assessed
H&E
staining,
electroretinography,
TUNEL
staining.
We
observed
elevated
levels
retina
demonstrated
that
photoreceptors
may
serve
source
retina.
Additionally,
cause
microglial
via
HMGB1/AGER/
secrete
inflammatory
factors
including
TNF-α
IL-1β
accelerates
reversed
loss
pathway.
Our
findings
showed
secreted
activated
HMGB1/AGER/NF-κB
caused
delayed
progression
vivo,
presenting
potential
novel
approach
treating
Journal of Neuroinflammation,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
19(1)
Published: Dec. 14, 2022
Abstract
Microglia,
the
resident
phagocytes
of
retina,
are
believed
to
influence
development
retinopathy,
but
their
exact
contributions
vascular
integrity
and
neuronal
loss
unknown.
Therefore,
utilizing
two
models
microglia
depletion,
we
aimed
deplete
repopulate
clarify
contribution
damage
in
diabetic
retina
an
STZ-induced
model
hyperglycemia.
Here,
report
that
2
weeks
exposure
diphtheria
toxin
(DTx)
CX3CR1
CreER
:R26
iDTR
transgenic
mice
induced
a
62%
increase
Iba1
+
associated
with
TUJ1
axonal
density
prevention
NeuN
RBPMS
loss.
Conversely,
PBS
controls
exhibited
robust
compared
non-diabetic
controls.
A
2-week
recovery
period
from
DTx
was
40%
reduction
angiogenesis
85%
fibrinogen
deposition
into
comparison
PBS-treated
Analysis
morphology
marker
expression
revealed
following
displayed
P2RY12
Ly6C
–
phenotype
high
transformation
index
(TI)
values
complimented
by
ramified-surveillant
closely
resembling
In
contrast,
control
microglia,
50%
TI
amoeboid
morphology.
To
validate
these
observations
were
due
used
PLX-5622
assess
retinas
mice.
Confocal
microscopy
also
prevented
extravasation
retina.
mRNAseq
gene
analysis
retinal
isolates
PLX-5622-induced
depletion
repopulation
downregulation
genes
microglial
activation
phagocytosis,
B2m
,
Cx3cr1,
Trem2
complement-associated
synaptic
pruning,
C1qa
C1qb
C1qc
.
Although
levels
those
CSF-1R
antagonists
distinct,
our
results
suggest
replenishment
is
neuroprotective
inducing
proliferation
homeostatic
pool
supports
integrity.
Journal of Controlled Release,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
361, P. 1 - 19
Published: July 27, 2023
Retinal
drug
delivery
is
a
challenging,
but
important
task,
because
most
retinal
diseases
are
still
without
any
proper
therapy.
Drug
to
the
retina
hampered
by
anatomical
and
physiological
barriers
resulting
in
minimal
bioavailability
after
topical
ocular
systemic
administrations.
Intravitreal
injections
current
method-of-choice
delivery,
these
show
short
duration
of
action
for
small
molecules
low
target
many
protein,
gene
based
drugs
nanomedicines.
State-of-art
systems
on
prolonged
retention,
controlled
release
physical
features
(e.g.
size
charge).
However,
not
cell-specific
approaches
do
facilitate
intracellular
modern
biological
proteins,
RNA
medicines,
editing).
In
this
focused
review
we
highlight
factors
mechanisms
that
form
basis
selective
future.
Therefore,
presenting
knowledge
related
membrane
transporters,
receptors
targeting
ligands
relation
nanomedicines,
conjugates,
extracellular
vesicles,
melanin
binding.
These
issues
discussed
light
structure
cell
types
as
well
future
prospects
field.
Unlike
some
other
fields
targeted
cancer
research),
technologies
have
been
rarely
studied,
even
though
may
be
more
feasible
local
administration
into
eye.
Small,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
19(46)
Published: July 30, 2023
Abstract
Retinal
degeneration
(RD)
is
an
irreversible
blinding
disease
that
seriously
affects
patients’
daily
activities
and
mental
health.
Targeting
hyperactivated
microglia
regulating
polarization
are
promising
strategies
for
treating
the
disease.
Mesenchymal
stem
cell
(MSC)
transplantation
proven
to
be
effective
treatment
due
its
immunomodulatory
regenerative
properties.
However,
low
efficiency
of
migration
integration
MSCs
remains
a
major
obstacle
clinical
use.
The
goal
this
study
develop
nanodelivery
system
targets
inhibits
their
release
proinflammatory
factors,
achieve
durable
neuroprotection.
This
approach
engineer
extracellular
vesicles
(EVs)
isolated
from
MSC,
modify
them
with
cyclic
RGD
(cRGD)
peptide
on
surface,
load
antagonist
IL‐1
receptor,
anakinra.
Comparing
non‐engineered
EVs,
it
observed
engineered
cRGD‐EVs
exhibit
increased
targeting
against
strongly
protected
photoreceptors
in
experimental
RD
cells
animal
models.
provides
strategy
improve
drug
delivery
degenerated
retinas
offers
through
targeted
modulation
immune
microenvironment
via
cRGD‐EVs.
