Programmed death receptor (PD-)1/PD-ligand (L)1 in urological cancers : the “all-around warrior” in immunotherapy

Molecular Cancer, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 23(1)

Published: Sept. 2, 2024

Programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1) and its ligand, programmed ligand-1 (PD-L1) are essential molecules that key in modulating immune responses. PD-L1 is constitutively expressed on various cells, epithelial cancer where it functions as a co-stimulatory molecule capable of impairing T-cell mediated Upon binding to PD-1 activated T-cells, the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction triggers signaling pathways can induce apoptosis or anergy, thereby facilitating escape tumors. In urological cancers, including bladder (BCa), renal cell carcinoma (RCC), prostate (PCa), upregulation has been demonstrated. It linked poor prognosis enhanced tumor evasion. Recent studies have highlighted significant role axis mechanisms cancers. The between T-cells further contributes immunosuppression by inhibiting activation proliferation. Clinical applications checkpoint inhibitors shown promising efficacy treating advanced significantly improving patient outcomes. However, resistance these therapies, either intrinsic acquired, remains challenge. This review aims provide comprehensive overview pathway We summarize regulatory mechanism underlying expression activity, genetic, epigenetic, post-transcriptional, post-translational modifications. Additionally, we discuss current clinical research inhibitors, their therapeutic potential, challenges associated with resistance. Understanding crucial for developing new strategies overcome limitations enhance immunotherapy.

Language: Английский

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Exosomes in review: A new frontier in CAR-T cell therapies

Neoplasia, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 62, P. 101147 - 101147

Published: March 3, 2025

Language: Английский

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Exosome-Mediated Cellular Communication in the Tumor Microenvironment Imparts Drug Resistance in Breast Cancer

Cancers, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 17(7), P. 1167 - 1167

Published: March 30, 2025

Globally, breast cancer (BC) is the leading cause of cancer-related death for women. BC characterized by heterogeneity, aggressive behavior, and high metastatic potential. Chemotherapy, administered as monotherapy or adjuvant therapy, remains a cornerstone treatment; however, acquired drug resistance significant clinical challenge. Deciphering mechanisms will be central to developing more efficient treatment options improving patient outcomes. The current review examines multifaceted nature exosomes in conferring through complex communication networks within tumor microenvironment. We further explore recent advances understanding how contribute against established chemotherapeutic agents such tamoxifen, paclitaxel, doxorubicin, platinum-based drugs, trastuzumab, newer immunotherapies, immune checkpoint inhibitors. Moreover, we discuss existing systematic approaches investigating exosome-drug relationship BC. Finally, promising therapeutic overcome exosome-dependent BC, highlighting potential avenues improved efficacy. Investigating distinct functions cargo offers innovative overcoming resistance.

Language: Английский

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PD-L1 importance in malignancies comprehensive insights into the role of PD-L1 in malignancies: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic opportunities

Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 25(1)

Published: April 3, 2025

Language: Английский

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Novel Insights into the Regulation of Exosomal PD-L1 in Cancer: From Generation to Clinical Application

European Journal of Pharmacology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 979, P. 176831 - 176831

Published: Sept. 1, 2024

Language: Английский

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