Engineered Exosomes as Smart Drug Carriers: Overcoming Biological Barriers in CNS and Cancer Therapy

Drugs and Drug Candidates, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 4(2), P. 19 - 19

Published: April 24, 2025

Engineered exosomes have emerged as transformative drug carriers, uniquely equipped to overcome biological barriers in central nervous system (CNS) disorders and cancer therapy. These natural extracellular vesicles, derived from cell membranes, offer inherent biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, the ability traverse physiological obstacles such blood–brain barrier (BBB) dense tumor stroma. Recent advances exosome engineering—including surface modification (e.g., ligand conjugation for receptor-mediated targeting) cargo loading (siRNA, CRISPR-Cas systems, chemotherapeutics)—have enhanced their precision therapeutic utility. For CNS delivery, functionalized with brain-homing peptides RVG or TfR ligands) enabled efficient transport of neuroprotective agents gene-editing tools treat Alzheimer’s disease glioblastoma. In oncology, engineered loaded tumor-suppressive miRNAs immune checkpoint inhibitors exploit microenvironment (TME) features, acidity enzyme overexpression, spatially controlled release. Furthermore, hybrid exosome–liposome systems exosome–biomaterial composites are being explored improve payload capacity stability. Despite progress, challenges persist scalable production, batch consistency, regulatory standardization. This review critically evaluates engineering strategies, preclinical success, translational hurdles while proposing innovations AI-driven design patient-derived platforms personalized By bridging nanotechnology biomedicine, can represent a paradigm shift targeted offering safer more effective solutions historically intractable diseases.

Language: Английский

Exosomes in Precision Oncology and Beyond: From Bench to Bedside in Diagnostics and Therapeutics

Cancers, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 17(6), P. 940 - 940

Published: March 10, 2025

Exosomes have emerged as pivotal players in precision oncology, offering innovative solutions to longstanding challenges such metastasis, therapeutic resistance, and immune evasion. These nanoscale extracellular vesicles facilitate intercellular communication by transferring bioactive molecules that mirror the biological state of their parent cells, positioning them transformative tools for cancer diagnostics therapeutics. Recent advancements exosome engineering, artificial intelligence (AI)-driven analytics, isolation technologies are breaking barriers scalability, reproducibility, clinical application. Bioengineered exosomes being leveraged CRISPR-Cas9 delivery, while AI models enhancing biomarker discovery liquid biopsy accuracy. Despite these advancements, key obstacles heterogeneity populations lack standardized protocols persist. This review synthesizes pioneering research on biology, molecular translation, emphasizing dual roles both mediators tumor progression intervention. It also explores emerging areas, including microbiome–exosome interactions integration machine learning exosome-based medicine. By bridging innovation with translational strategies, this work charts a forward-looking path integrating into next-generation care, setting it apart comprehensive guide overcoming technological hurdles rapidly evolving field.

Language: Английский

Therapeutic Potential of Exosomal miRNAs: New Insights and Future Directions

Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 39(5)

Published: April 24, 2025

ABSTRACT Modern advancements in medicine include developing targeted drug delivery systems the medical field, which are designed to unravel potential of therapeutic products and overcome barriers effectiveness current approaches. Various nanopolymer carrier have been introduced this regard, simple characteristics extracellular vesicles drawn special attention their application as an effective tool. Exosomes very similar transport a lipid‐biomembrane covering aqueous core. They also contain both hydrophilic lipophilic substances deliver cargo desired targets. These properties enable exosomes some limitations liposomes. can easily diffuse into body fluids remain bloodstream for long time, crossing physiological entering cells. Exosomes, large volume biomolecules, do not stimulate immune responses accumulate liver or lungs instead target tissues. Recent regenerative enabled scientists utilize extracted from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), possess significant abilities, treating various diseases. The contents these crucial diagnosis treatment, they influence disease progression. Numerous vitro studies confirmed safety, effectiveness, promise conditions such cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular issues, orthopedic ailments. This article explores MSC‐derived outlines essential procedures preparation.

Language: Английский