Impacts of Climate Change on Marine Foundation Species

Annual Review of Marine Science, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 16(1), P. 247 - 282

Published: Sept. 8, 2023

Marine foundation species are the biotic basis for many of world's coastal ecosystems, providing structural habitat, food, and protection myriad plants animals as well ecosystem services. However, climate change poses a significant threat to ecosystems they support. We review impacts on common marine species, including corals, kelps, seagrasses, salt marsh plants, mangroves, bivalves. It is evident that have already been severely impacted by several drivers, often through interactive effects with other human stressors, such pollution, overfishing, development. Despite considerable variation in geographical, environmental, ecological contexts, direct indirect gradual warming subsequent heatwaves emerged most pervasive drivers observed impact potent across all but from sea level rise, ocean acidification, increased storminess expected increase. Documented include changes genetic structures, physiology, abundance, distribution themselves their interactions flow-on associated communities, biodiversity, functioning. discuss strategies support into Anthropocene, order increase resilience ensure persistence services provide.

Language: Английский

---

Potential role of seaweeds in climate change mitigation

The Science of The Total Environment, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 885, P. 163699 - 163699

Published: May 4, 2023

Seaweed (macroalgae) has attracted attention globally given its potential for climate change mitigation. A topical and contentious question is: Can seaweeds' contribution to mitigation be enhanced at meaningful scales? Here, we provide an overview of the pressing research needs surrounding role seaweed in current scientific consensus via eight key challenges. There are four categories where been suggested used mitigation: 1) protecting restoring wild forests with co-benefits; 2) expanding sustainable nearshore aquaculture 3) offsetting industrial CO2 emissions using products emission abatement; 4) sinking into deep sea sequester CO2. Uncertainties remain about quantification net impact carbon export from restoration farming sites on atmospheric Evidence suggests that contributes storage sediments below farm sites, but how scalable is this process? Products aquaculture, such as livestock methane-reducing Asparagopsis or low food resources show promise mitigation, yet footprint abatement remains unquantified most products. Similarly, purposely cultivating then biomass open ocean raises ecological concerns concept poorly constrained. Improving tracing sinks a critical step accounting. Despite accounting uncertainties, provides many other ecosystem services justify conservation uptake will contribute United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. However, caution verified associated sustainability thresholds needed before large-scale investment projects.

Language: Английский

---

Bio‐ORACLE v3.0. Pushing marine data layers to the CMIP6 Earth System Models of climate change research

Global Ecology and Biogeography, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 33(4)

Published: Feb. 25, 2024

Abstract Motivation Impacts of climate change on marine biodiversity are often projected with species distribution modelling using standardized data layers representing physical, chemical and biological conditions the global ocean. Yet, available (1) have not been updated to incorporate Sixth Phase Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6), which comprise Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) scenarios; (2) consider a limited number Earth System Models (ESMs), (3) miss important variables expected influence future distributions. These limitations might undermine impact assessments, by failing integrate them within context most up‐to‐date projections, raising uncertainty in estimates misinterpreting exposure extreme conditions. Here, we provide significant update Bio‐ORACLE, extending biologically relevant from present‐day end 21st century scenarios based multi‐model ensemble CMIP6. Alongside, R Python packages for seamless integration workflows. The aim enhance understanding potential impacts support well‐informed research, conservation management. Main Types Variable Contained Surface benthic for, chlorophyll‐ , diffuse attenuation coefficient, dissolved iron, oxygen, nitrate, ocean temperature, pH, phosphate, photosynthetic active radiation, total phytoplankton, cloud fraction, salinity, silicate, sea‐water direction, velocity, topographic slope, aspect, terrain ruggedness index, position index bathymetry, surface air mixed layer depth, sea‐ice cover thickness. Spatial Location Grain Global at 0.05° resolution. Time Period Decadal (2000–2100). Major Taxa Level Measurement Marine associated epibenthic habitats. Software Format A package functions developed software.

Language: Английский

---

Global impacts of marine heatwaves on coastal foundation species

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 15(1)

Published: June 13, 2024

Abstract With increasingly intense marine heatwaves affecting nearshore regions, foundation species are coming under increasing stress. To better understand their impacts, we examine responses of critical, habitat-forming (macroalgae, seagrass, corals) to in 1322 shallow coastal areas located across 85 ecoregions. We find compelling evidence that intense, summer play a significant role the decline globally. Critically, detrimental effects increase towards warm-range edges and over time. also identify several ecoregions where don’t respond heatwaves, suggestive some resilience warming events. Cumulative heatwave intensity, absolute temperature, location within species’ range key factors mediating impacts. Our results suggest many ecosystems losing species, potentially impacting associated biodiversity, ecological function, ecosystem services provision. Understanding relationships between offers potential predict impacts critical for developing management adaptation approaches.

Language: Английский

---

Glacial retreat and rising temperatures are limiting the expansion of temperate kelp species in the future Arctic

Limnology and Oceanography, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 68(4), P. 816 - 830

Published: Jan. 30, 2023

Abstract Kelps act as ecosystem engineers on many polar rocky shore coastlines. The underwater light climate and temperature are the main drivers for their vertical latitudinal distribution. With temperatures rising globally, an Arctic expansion of temperate kelp species accelerating glacial melt is predicted. It was our aim to investigate effects retreating glaciers potential habitat kelps in fjords. We analyzed areas being influenced by different stages retreat (sea‐terminating glacier, land‐terminating coastal water) Kongsfjorden. observed reduced intensities a changed spectral composition meltwater plumes, potentially resulting upward shift lower depth limit kelp, counteracting predicted biomass increase Arctic. Furthermore, we studied temperature‐related changes light‐use characteristics two ( Alaria esculenta , Saccharina latissima ) at 3°C, 7°C, 11°C. Rising lead significant compensation irradiance A. . dark respiration S. increased significantly, correlating with decreasing carbon content. detected no differences photosynthetic rates, although chlorophyll concentration ~ 78% higher compared Ultimately, temperature‐induced might composition, found better adapted conditions. conclude that deterioration may drive substantial future forest structure.

Language: Английский

---

Projected loss of brown macroalgae and seagrasses with global environmental change

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 15(1)

Published: June 24, 2024

Abstract Although many studies predict extensive future biodiversity loss and redistribution in the terrestrial realm, changes marine remain relatively unexplored. In this work, we model global shifts one of most important functional groups—ecosystem-structuring macrophytes—and substantial end-of-century change. By modelling distribution 207 brown macroalgae seagrass species at high temporal spatial resolution under different climate-change projections, estimate that by 2100, local macrophyte diversity will decline 3–4% on average, with 17 to 22% localities losing least 10% their species. The current range macrophytes be eroded 5–6%, highly suitable habitat substantially reduced globally (78–96%). Global shift among regions, a potential for expansion polar regions.

Language: Английский

---

Quantifying the ecological consequences of climate change in coastal ecosystems

Cambridge Prisms Coastal Futures, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 1

Published: Jan. 1, 2023

Abstract Few coastal ecosystems remain untouched by direct human activities, and none are unimpacted anthropogenic climate change. These drivers interact with exacerbate each other in complex ways, yielding a mosaic of ecological consequences that range from adaptive responses, such as geographic shifts changes phenology, to severe impacts, mass mortalities, regime loss biodiversity. Identifying the role change these phenomena requires corroborating evidence multiple lines evidence, including laboratory experiments, field observations, numerical models palaeorecords. Yet few studies can confidently quantify magnitude effect attributable solely change, because seldom acts alone ecosystems. Projections future risk further complicated scenario uncertainty – is, our lack knowledge about degree which humanity will mitigate greenhouse-gas emissions, or make ways we impact Irrespective, ocean warming would be impossible reverse before end century, sea levels likely continue rise for centuries elevated millennia. Therefore, risks projected mirror impacts already observed, severity escalating cumulative emissions. Promising avenues progress beyond qualitative assessments include collaborative modelling initiatives, model intercomparison projects, use broader systems. But reduce rapidly reducing emissions greenhouse gases, restoring damaged habitats, regulating non-climate stressors using climate-smart conservation actions, implementing inclusive coastal-zone management approaches, especially those involving nature-based solutions.

Language: Английский

---

Seafloor primary production in a changing Arctic Ocean

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 121(11)

Published: March 4, 2024

Phytoplankton and sea ice algae are traditionally considered to be the main primary producers in Arctic Ocean. In this Perspective, we explore importance of benthic (BPPs) encompassing microalgae, macroalgae, seagrasses, which represent a poorly quantified source marine production. Despite scarce observations, models predict that BPPs widespread, colonizing ~3 million km 2 extensive coastal shelf seas. Using synthesis published data novel model, estimate currently contribute ~77 Tg C y −1 production Arctic, equivalent ~20 35% annual phytoplankton Macroalgae ~43 , seagrasses ~23 microalgae-dominated habitats ~11 16 . Since 2003, seafloor area exposed sunlight has increased by ~47,000 expanding realm warming Arctic. Increased macrophyte abundance productivity is expected along coastlines with continued ocean loss. However, microalgal only few regions despite substantial loss over past 20 y, as higher solar irradiance ice-free counterbalanced reduced water transparency. This suggests complex impacts climate change on light availability significant knowledge gaps BPPs, their widespread presence obvious contribution ecosystem call for further investigation inclusion carbon budgets.

Language: Английский

---

Kelp forest diversity under projected end‐of‐century climate change

Diversity and Distributions, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 30(6)

Published: April 15, 2024

Abstract Aim Future climate change threatens marine forests across the world, potentially disrupting ecosystem function and services. Nonetheless, direction intensity of climate‐induced changes in kelp forest biodiversity remain unknown, precluding well‐informed conservation management practices. Location Global. Methods We use machine‐learning models to forecast global species richness community composition 105 under contrasting Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) scenarios (decade 2090–2100): one aligned with Paris Agreement another substantially higher emissions. Results A poleward depth shift distributions is forecasted, translating into ~15% less area extent biome, coupled marked regional changes. Community are mostly projected Arctic, Northern Pacific Atlantic, Australasia, owing range expansions wide low latitude losses. Main Conclusions By surpassing expectations, reshuffling may simplify impair services numerous temperate regions Southern Africa, America tropical Pacific, where complete losses were without replacement. These estimates, flagging threatened species, as well refugial areas population persistence, can now inform conservation, restoration practices considering future change.

Language: Английский

---

Environmental drivers of Arctic communities based on metabarcoding of marine sediment eDNA

Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 291(2015)

Published: Jan. 24, 2024

Our ability to assess biodiversity at relevant spatial and temporal scales for informing management is of increasing importance given this foundational identify mitigate the impacts global change. Collecting baseline information tracking ecological changes are particularly important areas experiencing rapid representing data gaps such as Arctic marine ecosystems. Environmental DNA has potential provide data. We extracted environmental from 90 surface sediment samples eukaryote diversity around Greenland Svalbard using two separate primer pairs amplifying different sections 18S rRNA gene. detected 27 phyla 99 orders found that temperature change in explained most variation community a single linear model, while latitude, sea ice cover when assessed by individual non-linear models. identified indicator taxa climate change, including terebellid annelid worm. In conclusion, our study demonstrates offers feasible method identifies warming key driver differences across these remote

Language: Английский

---