Acute COVID-19 and LongCOVID syndrome – molecular implications for therapeutic strategies - review

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 16

Published: April 17, 2025

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been recognized not only for its acute effects but also ability to cause LongCOVID (LCS), a condition characterized by persistent symptoms affecting multiple organ systems. This review examines the molecular and immunological mechanisms underlying LCS, with particular focus on autophagy inhibition, chronic inflammation, oxidative, nitrosative calcium stress, viral persistence autoimmunology. Potential pathophysiological involved in LCS include (1) autoimmune activation, (2) latent persistence, where SARS-CoV-2 continues influence host metabolism, (3) reactivation of pathogens such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) or cytomegalovirus (CMV), exacerbating immune metabolic dysregulation, (4) possible inflammatory body fails restore post-infection homeostasis. The manipulation cellular pathways proteins is critical aspect virus' evade clearance establish long-term dysfunction. Viral NSP13, ORF3a ORF8 have shown disrupt autophagy, thereby impairing promoting evasion. In addition, mitochondrial dysfunction, dysregulated signaling, oxidative HIF-1α activation Nrf2 inhibition create self-sustaining feedback loop that contributes tissue damage symptoms. Therefore understanding basis development effective therapeutic strategies. Targeting glycolysis restoration homeostasis may provide novel strategies mitigate consequences infection. Future research should personalized interventions based dominant perturbations individual patients.

Language: Английский

Effect of natural products on host cell autophagy induced by Influenza A virus infection

Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 14

Published: Sept. 30, 2024

Influenza A virus (IAV) can cause seasonal epidemics and global pandemics, posing serious threats to public health, making a deeper understanding of its biological characteristics effective countermeasure strategies essential. Autophagy not only maintains cellular homeostasis but also plays an important role in host defense against IAV infection. However, the relationship between autophagy is complex, antiviral drugs are yet available. Natural products have shown excellent potential disease control due their diversity multi-targeting. This review focuses on discusses targeting autophagic pathways for development new therapies. Particularly, use plant extracts as modulators has garnered attention non-toxic nature cost-effectiveness, which provides strong support future that help inhibit viral infections slow down progression.

Language: Английский